Add `PatchArray`

[connortsui20]

Ideally the patches should be implemented as a PatchArray that then can fuse into things like BitPackedArray and ALPArray as new arrays (could be generic wrappers over the existing arrays) that have their own execute implementations, but that can come after we migrate everything.

Originally posted by @connortsui20 in #5446 (comment)

[connortsui20]

To add on to this, we should implement this by consolidating all of the patching logic under vortex-compute with some sort of Patch trait. This would let us implement different kinds of patching (nullable vs non-nullable, in-place vs new allocation, etc).

[connortsui20]

Related RFC: vortex-data/rfcs#27