diff --git a/scripts/dev_scripts/build_docker.sh b/scripts/dev_scripts/build_docker.sh
index 93b598831..5107444e9 100755
--- a/scripts/dev_scripts/build_docker.sh
+++ b/scripts/dev_scripts/build_docker.sh
@@ -9,6 +9,10 @@
 #       the wheel file.
 #   $ RELEASE_TAG: The additionally release tag to tag the final built image. If it's empty, the built image
 #       will be additionally tagged with `test`.
+#   $ DOCKER_PROVENANCE_PATH: The optional path to write the SLSA provenance metadata generated by BuildKit.
+#       If unset, the provenance is written to `${WORKSPACE}/dist/macaron-docker-provenance.json`.
+#   $ DOCKER_BUILDX_BUILDER: The optional Buildx builder to use. If unset, this script creates or reuses
+#       `macaron-provenance-builder` with the `docker-container` driver, which supports provenance attestations.
 
 if [ "$#" -ne 3 ];
 then
@@ -21,6 +25,11 @@ RELEASE_TAG=$3
 DIST_PATH="${WORKSPACE}/dist"
 REPO_PATH="${WORKSPACE}"
 
+if [[ ! -d "${DIST_PATH}" ]]; then
+    echo "Unable to find ${DIST_PATH}. Run 'make dist simple-index' before building the Docker image."
+    exit 1
+fi
+
 SIMPLE_INDEX_PATH=$(find "${DIST_PATH}" -depth -type f -name 'macaron-*-pep503-simple-index.tar' | head -n 1)
 if [[ -z "${SIMPLE_INDEX_PATH}" ]]; then
     echo "Unable to find Macaron Simple Index in ${DIST_PATH}."
@@ -37,19 +46,46 @@ REQUIREMENTS_PATH=$(realpath --relative-to "${REPO_PATH}" "${REQUIREMENTS_PATH}"
 
 if [[ -z "${RELEASE_TAG}" ]];
 then
-    docker build \
-        --tag "${IMAGE_NAME}:latest" \
-        --tag "${IMAGE_NAME}:test" \
-        --build-arg SIMPLE_INDEX_PATH="${SIMPLE_INDEX_PATH}" \
-        --build-arg REQUIREMENTS_PATH="${REQUIREMENTS_PATH}" \
-        --file "${REPO_PATH}/docker/Dockerfile.final" "${REPO_PATH}"
+    IMAGE_TAG="${IMAGE_NAME}:test"
 else
-    docker build \
-        --tag "${IMAGE_NAME}:latest" \
-        --tag "${IMAGE_NAME}:${RELEASE_TAG}" \
-        --build-arg SIMPLE_INDEX_PATH="${SIMPLE_INDEX_PATH}" \
-        --build-arg REQUIREMENTS_PATH="${REQUIREMENTS_PATH}" \
-        --file "${REPO_PATH}/docker/Dockerfile.final" "$REPO_PATH"
+    IMAGE_TAG="${IMAGE_NAME}:${RELEASE_TAG}"
 fi
 
+PROVENANCE_PATH="${DOCKER_PROVENANCE_PATH:-${DIST_PATH}/macaron-docker-provenance.json}"
+mkdir -p "$(dirname "${PROVENANCE_PATH}")"
+
+BUILDX_BUILDER="${DOCKER_BUILDX_BUILDER:-macaron-provenance-builder}"
+if ! docker buildx inspect "${BUILDX_BUILDER}" > /dev/null 2>&1; then
+    docker buildx create \
+        --name "${BUILDX_BUILDER}" \
+        --driver docker-container \
+        --bootstrap > /dev/null
+fi
+
+# The metadata file contains BuildKit's SLSA provenance for the build. `--load`
+# preserves the previous behavior of making the image available in the local
+# Docker image store for tests and developer workflows. Do not pass
+# `--provenance` here because the local Docker exporter cannot load images with
+# attached provenance attestations.
+export BUILDX_METADATA_PROVENANCE="${BUILDX_METADATA_PROVENANCE:-max}"
+if ! docker buildx build \
+    --builder "${BUILDX_BUILDER}" \
+    --load \
+    --metadata-file "${PROVENANCE_PATH}" \
+    --tag "${IMAGE_NAME}:latest" \
+    --tag "${IMAGE_TAG}" \
+    --build-arg SIMPLE_INDEX_PATH="${SIMPLE_INDEX_PATH}" \
+    --build-arg REQUIREMENTS_PATH="${REQUIREMENTS_PATH}" \
+    --file "${REPO_PATH}/docker/Dockerfile.final" "${REPO_PATH}"; then
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+if ! grep -q '"buildx.build.provenance"' "${PROVENANCE_PATH}"; then
+    echo "Docker build succeeded, but Buildx did not write SLSA provenance to ${PROVENANCE_PATH}."
+    echo "Upgrade Docker Buildx to 0.14.0 or later for BUILDX_METADATA_PROVENANCE=max support."
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+echo "Generated Docker build SLSA provenance metadata at ${PROVENANCE_PATH}."
+
 exit 0