From 186b7651ddae279188fedd91010a6d7017431cae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: bjorn <mail@bjornbyt.es>
Date: Fri, 31 Jul 2026 11:24:24 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1/7] Mutable materials;

---
 CHANGES.md                      |   1 +
 etc/shaders/lovr.glsl           |  13 +-
 src/api/api.h                   |   3 +
 src/api/l_graphics.c            | 206 +++++++------
 src/api/l_graphics_material.c   | 150 +++++++--
 src/api/l_graphics_model.c      |  13 +-
 src/core/spv.c                  |   2 +-
 src/modules/graphics/graphics.c | 529 ++++++++++++++++++++------------
 src/modules/graphics/graphics.h |  66 ++--
 9 files changed, 620 insertions(+), 363 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGES.md b/CHANGES.md
index 3e518cb7bc..9051271da0 100644
--- a/CHANGES.md
+++ b/CHANGES.md
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ dev
 - Add `sleep` callback to `World:setCallbacks`.
 - Add `linearDamping` and `angularDamping` settings to `lovr.physics.newWorld`.
 - Add `lovr.headset.getHandPosition/Orientation/Pose`.
+- Add `Material:get/setNumber`, `Material:get/setColor`, `Material:get/setTexture`, and `Material:get/setQuad`.
 
 ### Change
 
diff --git a/etc/shaders/lovr.glsl b/etc/shaders/lovr.glsl
index bd4200f756..485bd505d3 100644
--- a/etc/shaders/lovr.glsl
+++ b/etc/shaders/lovr.glsl
@@ -38,11 +38,6 @@ layout(set = 0, binding = 2) uniform DrawBuffer { layout(row_major) Draw Draws[2
 layout(set = 0, binding = 3) uniform sampler Sampler;
 
 struct MaterialData {
-  vec4 color;
-  vec4 glow;
-  vec2 uvShift;
-  vec2 uvScale;
-  vec2 sdfRange;
   float metalness;
   float roughness;
   float clearcoat;
@@ -50,6 +45,10 @@ struct MaterialData {
   float occlusionStrength;
   float normalScale;
   float alphaCutoff;
+  vec4 color;
+  vec4 glow;
+  vec4 quad;
+  vec2 sdfRange;
 };
 
 layout(set = 1, binding = 0) uniform MaterialBuffer {
@@ -558,8 +557,8 @@ void main() {
 #endif
 
   if (flag_uvTransform) {
-    UV *= Material.uvScale;
-    UV += Material.uvShift;
+    UV *= Material.quad.zw;
+    UV += Material.quad.xy;
   }
 }
 #endif
diff --git a/src/api/api.h b/src/api/api.h
index 92b123d0d2..3a355cc8a6 100644
--- a/src/api/api.h
+++ b/src/api/api.h
@@ -51,6 +51,9 @@ extern StringEntry lovrHorizontalAlign[];
 extern StringEntry lovrJointType[];
 extern StringEntry lovrKeyboardKey[];
 extern StringEntry lovrLayerType[];
+extern StringEntry lovrMaterialColor[];
+extern StringEntry lovrMaterialNumber[];
+extern StringEntry lovrMaterialTexture[];
 extern StringEntry lovrMeshStorage[];
 extern StringEntry lovrModelDrawMode[];
 extern StringEntry lovrMotorMode[];
diff --git a/src/api/l_graphics.c b/src/api/l_graphics.c
index 698241ab95..60594103cb 100644
--- a/src/api/l_graphics.c
+++ b/src/api/l_graphics.c
@@ -163,6 +163,34 @@ StringEntry lovrHorizontalAlign[] = {
   { 0 }
 };
 
+StringEntry lovrMaterialColor[] = {
+  [COLOR_BASE] = ENTRY("base"),
+  [COLOR_GLOW] = ENTRY("glow"),
+  { 0 }
+};
+
+StringEntry lovrMaterialNumber[] = {
+  [NUMBER_METALNESS] = ENTRY("metalness"),
+  [NUMBER_ROUGHNESS] = ENTRY("roughness"),
+  [NUMBER_CLEARCOAT] = ENTRY("clearcoat"),
+  [NUMBER_CLEARCOAT_ROUGHNESS] = ENTRY("clearcoatroughness"),
+  [NUMBER_OCCLUSION_STRENGTH] = ENTRY("occlusionstrength"),
+  [NUMBER_NORMAL_SCALE] = ENTRY("normalscale"),
+  [NUMBER_ALPHA_CUTOFF] = ENTRY("alphacutoff"),
+  { 0 }
+};
+
+StringEntry lovrMaterialTexture[] = {
+  [TEXTURE_COLOR] = ENTRY("color"),
+  [TEXTURE_GLOW] = ENTRY("glow"),
+  [TEXTURE_METALNESS] = ENTRY("metalness"),
+  [TEXTURE_ROUGHNESS] = ENTRY("roughness"),
+  [TEXTURE_CLEARCOAT] = ENTRY("clearcoat"),
+  [TEXTURE_OCCLUSION] = ENTRY("occlusion"),
+  [TEXTURE_NORMAL] = ENTRY("normal"),
+  { 0 }
+};
+
 StringEntry lovrMeshStorage[] = {
   [MESH_CPU] = ENTRY("cpu"),
   [MESH_GPU] = ENTRY("gpu"),
@@ -1459,112 +1487,98 @@ static Texture* luax_opttexture(lua_State* L, int index) {
 }
 
 static int l_lovrGraphicsNewMaterial(lua_State* L) {
-  MaterialInfo info;
-  memset(&info, 0, sizeof(info));
-
-  luaL_checktype(L, 1, LUA_TTABLE);
-
-  lua_getfield(L, 1, "color");
-  luax_optcolor(L, -1, info.data.color);
-  lua_pop(L, 1);
-
-  lua_getfield(L, 1, "glow");
-  if (lua_isnil(L, -1)) {
-    memset(info.data.glow, 0, sizeof(info.data.glow));
-  } else {
-    luax_optcolor(L, -1, info.data.glow);
-  }
-  lua_pop(L, 1);
-
-  lua_getfield(L, 1, "uvShift");
-  if (lua_type(L, -1) == LUA_TNUMBER) {
-    float shift = lua_tonumber(L, -1);
-    info.data.uvShift[0] = shift;
-    info.data.uvShift[1] = shift;
-  } else if (lua_type(L, -1) == LUA_TTABLE) {
-    lua_rawgeti(L, -1, 1);
-    lua_rawgeti(L, -2, 2);
-    info.data.uvShift[0] = luax_optfloat(L, -2, 0.f);
-    info.data.uvShift[1] = luax_optfloat(L, -1, 0.f);
-    lua_pop(L, 2);
-  }
-  lua_pop(L, 1);
-
-  lua_getfield(L, 1, "uvScale");
-  if (lua_isnil(L, -1)) {
-    info.data.uvScale[0] = 1.f;
-    info.data.uvScale[1] = 1.f;
-  } else if (lua_isnumber(L, -1)) {
-    float scale = lua_tonumber(L, -1);
-    info.data.uvScale[0] = scale;
-    info.data.uvScale[1] = scale;
-  } else if (lua_type(L, -1) == LUA_TTABLE) {
-    lua_rawgeti(L, -1, 1);
-    lua_rawgeti(L, -2, 2);
-    info.data.uvScale[0] = luax_optfloat(L, -2, 1.f);
-    info.data.uvScale[1] = luax_optfloat(L, -1, 1.f);
-    lua_pop(L, 2);
-  }
-  lua_pop(L, 1);
-
-  lua_getfield(L, 1, "metalness");
-  info.data.metalness = luax_optfloat(L, -1, 1.f);
-  lua_pop(L, 1);
-
-  lua_getfield(L, 1, "roughness");
-  info.data.roughness = luax_optfloat(L, -1, 1.f);
-  lua_pop(L, 1);
-
-  lua_getfield(L, 1, "clearcoat");
-  info.data.clearcoat = luax_optfloat(L, -1, 0.f);
-  lua_pop(L, 1);
-
-  lua_getfield(L, 1, "clearcoatRoughness");
-  info.data.clearcoatRoughness = luax_optfloat(L, -1, 0.f);
-  lua_pop(L, 1);
-
-  lua_getfield(L, 1, "occlusionStrength");
-  info.data.occlusionStrength = luax_optfloat(L, -1, 1.f);
-  lua_pop(L, 1);
+  Material* material = lovrMaterialCreate(luax_totype(L, 1, Texture));
+  luax_assert(L, material);
 
-  lua_getfield(L, 1, "normalScale");
-  info.data.normalScale = luax_optfloat(L, -1, 1.f);
-  lua_pop(L, 1);
+  if (lua_istable(L, 1)) {
+    float value, color[4];
 
-  lua_getfield(L, 1, "alphaCutoff");
-  info.data.alphaCutoff = luax_optfloat(L, -1, 0.f);
-  lua_pop(L, 1);
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < NUMBER_COUNT; i++) {
+      lua_pushlstring(L, lovrMaterialNumber[i].string, lovrMaterialNumber[i].length);
+      lua_gettable(L, 1);
+      if (!lua_isnil(L, -1)) lovrMaterialSetNumber(material, i, luax_checkfloat(L, -1));
+      lua_pop(L, 1);
+    }
 
-  lua_getfield(L, 1, "texture");
-  info.texture = luax_opttexture(L, -1);
-  lua_pop(L, 1);
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < COLOR_COUNT; i++) {
+      if (i == 0) {
+        lua_pushliteral(L, "color");
+      } else {
+        lua_pushlstring(L, lovrMaterialColor[i].string, lovrMaterialColor[i].length);
+      }
 
-  lua_getfield(L, 1, "glowTexture");
-  info.glowTexture = luax_opttexture(L, -1);
-  lua_pop(L, 1);
+      lua_gettable(L, 1);
+      if (!lua_isnil(L, -1)) {
+        luax_optcolor(L, -1, color);
+        lovrMaterialSetColor(material, i, color);
+      }
+      lua_pop(L, 1);
+    }
 
-  lua_getfield(L, 1, "metalnessTexture");
-  info.metalnessTexture = luax_opttexture(L, -1);
-  lua_pop(L, 1);
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < TEXTURE_COUNT; i++) {
+      if (i == 0) {
+        lua_pushliteral(L, "texture");
+      } else {
+        char key[64];
+        size_t length = lovrMaterialTexture[i].length;
+        memcpy(key, lovrMaterialTexture[i].string, length);
+        memcpy(key + length, "Texture", strlen("Texture"));
+        lua_pushlstring(L, key, length + strlen("Texture"));
+      }
+      lua_gettable(L, 1);
+      if (!lua_isnil(L, -1)) {
+        Texture* texture = luax_checktype(L, -1, Texture);
+        if (!lovrMaterialSetTexture(material, i, texture)) {
+          lovrRelease(material, lovrMaterialDestroy);
+          luax_throw(L);
+        }
+      }
+      lua_pop(L, 1);
+    }
 
-  lua_getfield(L, 1, "roughnessTexture");
-  info.roughnessTexture = luax_opttexture(L, -1);
-  lua_pop(L, 1);
+    float quad[4];
 
-  lua_getfield(L, 1, "clearcoatTexture");
-  info.clearcoatTexture = luax_opttexture(L, -1);
-  lua_pop(L, 1);
+    // Deprecated
+    lua_getfield(L, 1, "uvShift");
+    if (lua_istable(L, -1)) {
+      lua_rawgeti(L, -1, 1);
+      lua_rawgeti(L, -2, 2);
+      quad[0] = luax_optfloat(L, -2, 0.f);
+      quad[1] = luax_optfloat(L, -1, 0.f);
+      lua_pop(L, 2);
+    } else if (lua_type(L, -1) == LUA_TNUMBER) {
+      quad[0] = quad[1] = lua_tonumber(L, -1);
+    }
+    lua_pop(L, 1);
 
-  lua_getfield(L, 1, "occlusionTexture");
-  info.occlusionTexture = luax_opttexture(L, -1);
-  lua_pop(L, 1);
+    // Deprecated
+    lua_getfield(L, 1, "uvScale");
+    if (lua_istable(L, -1)) {
+      lua_rawgeti(L, -1, 1);
+      lua_rawgeti(L, -2, 2);
+      quad[2] = luax_optfloat(L, -2, 1.f);
+      quad[3] = luax_optfloat(L, -1, 1.f);
+      lua_pop(L, 2);
+    } else if (lua_type(L, -1) == LUA_TNUMBER) {
+      quad[2] = quad[3] = lua_tonumber(L, -1);
+    }
+    lua_pop(L, 1);
 
-  lua_getfield(L, 1, "normalTexture");
-  info.normalTexture = luax_opttexture(L, -1);
-  lua_pop(L, 1);
+    lua_getfield(L, 1, "quad");
+    if (lua_istable(L, -1)) {
+      lua_rawgeti(L, -1, 1);
+      lua_rawgeti(L, -2, 2);
+      lua_rawgeti(L, -3, 3);
+      lua_rawgeti(L, -4, 4);
+      quad[0] = luax_optfloat(L, -4, 0.f);
+      quad[1] = luax_optfloat(L, -3, 0.f);
+      quad[2] = luax_optfloat(L, -2, 1.f);
+      quad[3] = luax_optfloat(L, -1, 1.f);
+      lua_pop(L, 4);
+    }
+    lua_pop(L, 1);
+  }
 
-  Material* material = lovrMaterialCreate(&info);
-  luax_assert(L, material);
   luax_pushtype(L, Material, material);
   lovrRelease(material, lovrMaterialDestroy);
   return 1;
diff --git a/src/api/l_graphics_material.c b/src/api/l_graphics_material.c
index a3d2a4d6f1..be0bea126e 100644
--- a/src/api/l_graphics_material.c
+++ b/src/api/l_graphics_material.c
@@ -17,66 +17,162 @@ Material* luax_optmaterial(lua_State* L, int index) {
   }
 }
 
+static int l_lovrMaterialGetNumber(lua_State* L) {
+  Material* material = luax_checktype(L, 1, Material);
+  MaterialNumber key = luax_checkenum(L, 2, MaterialNumber, NULL);
+  float number = lovrMaterialGetNumber(material, key);
+  lua_pushnumber(L, number);
+  return 1;
+}
+
+static int l_lovrMaterialSetNumber(lua_State* L) {
+  Material* material = luax_checktype(L, 1, Material);
+  MaterialNumber key = luax_checkenum(L, 2, MaterialNumber, NULL);
+  float number = luax_checkfloat(L, 3);
+  lovrMaterialSetNumber(material, key, number);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int l_lovrMaterialGetColor(lua_State* L) {
+  Material* material = luax_checktype(L, 1, Material);
+  MaterialColor key = luax_checkenum(L, 2, MaterialColor, "base");
+  const float* color = lovrMaterialGetColor(material, key);
+  lua_pushnumber(L, color[0]);
+  lua_pushnumber(L, color[1]);
+  lua_pushnumber(L, color[2]);
+  lua_pushnumber(L, color[3]);
+  return 4;
+}
+
+static int l_lovrMaterialSetColor(lua_State* L) {
+  Material* material = luax_checktype(L, 1, Material);
+  int index = 2;
+  float color[4];
+  MaterialColor key = lua_type(L, index) == LUA_TSTRING ? luax_checkenum(L, index++, MaterialColor, NULL) : COLOR_BASE;
+  luax_readcolor(L, index, color);
+  lovrMaterialSetColor(material, key, color);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int l_lovrMaterialGetTexture(lua_State* L) {
+  Material* material = luax_checktype(L, 1, Material);
+  MaterialTexture key = luax_checkenum(L, 2, MaterialTexture, "color");
+  Texture* texture = lovrMaterialGetTexture(material, key);
+  luax_pushtype(L, Texture, texture);
+  return 1;
+}
+
+static int l_lovrMaterialSetTexture(lua_State* L) {
+  Material* material = luax_checktype(L, 1, Material);
+  int index = 2;
+  MaterialTexture key = lua_type(L, index) == LUA_TSTRING ? luax_checkenum(L, index++, MaterialTexture, NULL) : TEXTURE_COLOR;
+  Texture* texture = luax_checktype(L, index, Texture);
+  lovrMaterialSetTexture(material, key, texture);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int l_lovrMaterialGetQuad(lua_State* L) {
+  Material* material = luax_checktype(L, 1, Material);
+  float ox, oy, sx, sy;
+  lovrMaterialGetQuad(material, &ox, &oy, &sx, &sy);
+  lua_pushnumber(L, ox);
+  lua_pushnumber(L, oy);
+  lua_pushnumber(L, sx);
+  lua_pushnumber(L, sy);
+  return 4;
+}
+
+static int l_lovrMaterialSetQuad(lua_State* L) {
+  Material* material = luax_checktype(L, 1, Material);
+  float ox = luax_checkfloat(L, 2);
+  float oy = luax_checkfloat(L, 3);
+  float sx = luax_checkfloat(L, 4);
+  float sy = luax_checkfloat(L, 5);
+  lovrMaterialSetQuad(material, ox, oy, sx, sy);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+// Deprecated
 static int l_lovrMaterialGetProperties(lua_State* L) {
   Material* material = luax_checktype(L, 1, Material);
-  const MaterialInfo* info = lovrMaterialGetInfo(material);
+
   lua_newtable(L);
 
+  lua_pushnumber(L, lovrMaterialGetNumber(material, NUMBER_METALNESS)), lua_setfield(L, -2, "metalness");
+  lua_pushnumber(L, lovrMaterialGetNumber(material, NUMBER_ROUGHNESS)), lua_setfield(L, -2, "roughness");
+  lua_pushnumber(L, lovrMaterialGetNumber(material, NUMBER_CLEARCOAT)), lua_setfield(L, -2, "clearcoat");
+  lua_pushnumber(L, lovrMaterialGetNumber(material, NUMBER_CLEARCOAT_ROUGHNESS)), lua_setfield(L, -2, "clearcoatRoughness");
+  lua_pushnumber(L, lovrMaterialGetNumber(material, NUMBER_OCCLUSION_STRENGTH)), lua_setfield(L, -2, "occlusionStrength");
+  lua_pushnumber(L, lovrMaterialGetNumber(material, NUMBER_NORMAL_SCALE)), lua_setfield(L, -2, "normalScale");
+  lua_pushnumber(L, lovrMaterialGetNumber(material, NUMBER_ALPHA_CUTOFF)), lua_setfield(L, -2, "alphaCutoff");
+
+  const float* color;
+  color = lovrMaterialGetColor(material, COLOR_BASE);
+
   lua_createtable(L, 4, 0);
-  lua_pushnumber(L, info->data.color[0]);
+  lua_pushnumber(L, color[0]);
   lua_rawseti(L, -2, 1);
-  lua_pushnumber(L, info->data.color[1]);
+  lua_pushnumber(L, color[1]);
   lua_rawseti(L, -2, 2);
-  lua_pushnumber(L, info->data.color[2]);
+  lua_pushnumber(L, color[2]);
   lua_rawseti(L, -2, 3);
-  lua_pushnumber(L, info->data.color[3]);
+  lua_pushnumber(L, color[3]);
   lua_rawseti(L, -2, 4);
   lua_setfield(L, -2, "color");
 
+  color = lovrMaterialGetColor(material, COLOR_GLOW);
+
   lua_createtable(L, 4, 0);
-  lua_pushnumber(L, info->data.glow[0]);
+  lua_pushnumber(L, color[0]);
   lua_rawseti(L, -2, 1);
-  lua_pushnumber(L, info->data.glow[1]);
+  lua_pushnumber(L, color[1]);
   lua_rawseti(L, -2, 2);
-  lua_pushnumber(L, info->data.glow[2]);
+  lua_pushnumber(L, color[2]);
   lua_rawseti(L, -2, 3);
-  lua_pushnumber(L, info->data.glow[3]);
+  lua_pushnumber(L, color[3]);
   lua_rawseti(L, -2, 4);
   lua_setfield(L, -2, "glow");
 
+  float ox, oy, sx, sy;
+  lovrMaterialGetQuad(material, &ox, &oy, &sx, &sy);
+
   lua_createtable(L, 2, 0);
-  lua_pushnumber(L, info->data.uvShift[0]);
+  lua_pushnumber(L, ox);
   lua_rawseti(L, -2, 1);
-  lua_pushnumber(L, info->data.uvShift[1]);
+  lua_pushnumber(L, oy);
   lua_rawseti(L, -2, 2);
   lua_setfield(L, -2, "uvShift");
 
   lua_createtable(L, 2, 0);
-  lua_pushnumber(L, info->data.uvScale[0]);
+  lua_pushnumber(L, sx);
   lua_rawseti(L, -2, 1);
-  lua_pushnumber(L, info->data.uvScale[1]);
+  lua_pushnumber(L, sy);
   lua_rawseti(L, -2, 2);
   lua_setfield(L, -2, "uvScale");
 
-  lua_pushnumber(L, info->data.metalness), lua_setfield(L, -2, "metalness");
-  lua_pushnumber(L, info->data.roughness), lua_setfield(L, -2, "roughness");
-  lua_pushnumber(L, info->data.clearcoat), lua_setfield(L, -2, "clearcoat");
-  lua_pushnumber(L, info->data.clearcoatRoughness), lua_setfield(L, -2, "clearcoatRoughness");
-  lua_pushnumber(L, info->data.occlusionStrength), lua_setfield(L, -2, "occlusionStrength");
-  lua_pushnumber(L, info->data.normalScale), lua_setfield(L, -2, "normalScale");
-  lua_pushnumber(L, info->data.alphaCutoff), lua_setfield(L, -2, "alphaCutoff");
-  luax_pushtype(L, Texture, info->texture), lua_setfield(L, -2, "texture");
-  luax_pushtype(L, Texture, info->glowTexture), lua_setfield(L, -2, "glowTexture");
-  luax_pushtype(L, Texture, info->metalnessTexture), lua_setfield(L, -2, "metalnessTexture");
-  luax_pushtype(L, Texture, info->roughnessTexture), lua_setfield(L, -2, "roughnessTexture");
-  luax_pushtype(L, Texture, info->clearcoatTexture), lua_setfield(L, -2, "clearcoatTexture");
-  luax_pushtype(L, Texture, info->occlusionTexture), lua_setfield(L, -2, "occlusionTexture");
-  luax_pushtype(L, Texture, info->normalTexture), lua_setfield(L, -2, "normalTexture");
+  luax_pushtype(L, Texture, lovrMaterialGetTexture(material, TEXTURE_COLOR)), lua_setfield(L, -2, "texture");
+  luax_pushtype(L, Texture, lovrMaterialGetTexture(material, TEXTURE_GLOW)), lua_setfield(L, -2, "glowTexture");
+  luax_pushtype(L, Texture, lovrMaterialGetTexture(material, TEXTURE_METALNESS)), lua_setfield(L, -2, "metalnessTexture");
+  luax_pushtype(L, Texture, lovrMaterialGetTexture(material, TEXTURE_ROUGHNESS)), lua_setfield(L, -2, "roughnessTexture");
+  luax_pushtype(L, Texture, lovrMaterialGetTexture(material, TEXTURE_CLEARCOAT)), lua_setfield(L, -2, "clearcoatTexture");
+  luax_pushtype(L, Texture, lovrMaterialGetTexture(material, TEXTURE_OCCLUSION)), lua_setfield(L, -2, "occlusionTexture");
+  luax_pushtype(L, Texture, lovrMaterialGetTexture(material, TEXTURE_NORMAL)), lua_setfield(L, -2, "normalTexture");
 
   return 1;
 }
 
 const luaL_Reg lovrMaterial[] = {
+  { "getNumber", l_lovrMaterialGetNumber },
+  { "setNumber", l_lovrMaterialSetNumber },
+  { "getColor", l_lovrMaterialGetColor },
+  { "setColor", l_lovrMaterialSetColor },
+  { "getTexture", l_lovrMaterialGetTexture },
+  { "setTexture", l_lovrMaterialSetTexture },
+  { "getQuad", l_lovrMaterialGetQuad },
+  { "setQuad", l_lovrMaterialSetQuad },
+
+  // Deprecated
   { "getProperties", l_lovrMaterialGetProperties },
+
   { NULL, NULL }
 };
diff --git a/src/api/l_graphics_model.c b/src/api/l_graphics_model.c
index 0a118cd726..63e73d3d0f 100644
--- a/src/api/l_graphics_model.c
+++ b/src/api/l_graphics_model.c
@@ -247,12 +247,20 @@ static int l_lovrModelGetTexture(lua_State* L) {
 static int l_lovrModelGetMaterial(lua_State* L) {
   Model* model = luax_checktype(L, 1, Model);
   uint32_t index = luax_checkmaterialindex(L, 2, lovrModelGetMetadata(model));
-  Material* material = lovrModelGetMaterial(model, index);
-  luax_assert(L, material);
+  Material* material;
+  luax_assert(L, lovrModelGetMaterial(model, index, &material));
   luax_pushtype(L, Material, material);
   return 1;
 }
 
+static int l_lovrModelSetMaterial(lua_State* L) {
+  Model* model = luax_checktype(L, 1, Model);
+  uint32_t index = luax_checkmaterialindex(L, 2, lovrModelGetMetadata(model));
+  Material* material = luax_optmaterial(L, 3);
+  luax_assert(L, lovrModelSetMaterial(model, index, material));
+  return 0;
+}
+
 static int l_lovrModelBuildRaytracer(lua_State* L) {
   Model* model = luax_checktype(L, 1, Model);
   luax_assert(L, lovrModelBuildRaytracer(model));
@@ -402,6 +410,7 @@ const luaL_Reg lovrModel[] = {
   { "getMaterialCount", l_lovrModelMetaGetMaterialCount },
   { "getMaterialName", l_lovrModelMetaGetMaterialName },
   { "getMaterial", l_lovrModelGetMaterial },
+  { "setMaterial", l_lovrModelSetMaterial },
 
   { "buildRaytracer", l_lovrModelBuildRaytracer },
 
diff --git a/src/core/spv.c b/src/core/spv.c
index c8bc55d9b9..9e820bd7dd 100644
--- a/src/core/spv.c
+++ b/src/core/spv.c
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ const char* spv_result_to_string(spv_result result) {
     case SPV_INVALID: return "Invalid SPIR-V";
     case SPV_TOO_BIG: return "SPIR-V contains too many types/variables (max ID is 65534)";
     case SPV_UNSUPPORTED_SPEC_CONSTANT_TYPE: return "This type of specialization constant is not supported";
-    case SPV_UNSUPPORTED_DATA_TYPE: return "Struct fields must be square float matrices, float/int/uint vectors, 32 bit numbers, or bools";
+    case SPV_UNSUPPORTED_DATA_TYPE: return "Struct fields must be square float matrices, float/int/uint vectors, 8, 16, or 32 bit numbers, or bools";
     default: return NULL;
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/modules/graphics/graphics.c b/src/modules/graphics/graphics.c
index 899c79caa5..ba7075425b 100644
--- a/src/modules/graphics/graphics.c
+++ b/src/modules/graphics/graphics.c
@@ -29,10 +29,12 @@
 
 #define MAX_PIPELINES 8192
 #define MAX_TALLIES 255
+#define MATERIAL_BLOCK_SIZE 256
 #define TRANSFORM_STACK_SIZE 16
 #define PIPELINE_STACK_SIZE 8
 #define MAX_SHADER_RESOURCES 32
 #define MAX_CUSTOM_ATTRIBUTES 10
+#define MATERIAL_STRIDE ALIGN(sizeof(MaterialData), state.limits.uniformBufferAlign)
 #define FLOAT_BITS(f) ((union { float f; uint32_t u; }) { f }).u
 
 typedef struct {
@@ -176,26 +178,41 @@ struct Shader {
   char* names;
 };
 
+typedef struct {
+  float numbers[NUMBER_COUNT];
+  float padding;
+  float colors[COLOR_COUNT][4];
+  float quad[4];
+  float sdfRange[2];
+} MaterialData;
+
+typedef struct {
+  uint32_t next;
+  uint32_t tick;
+} MaterialNode;
+
 typedef struct {
   void* next;
-  void* pointer;
-  Material* materials;
+  uint32_t head;
+  uint32_t tail;
+  MaterialNode nodes[MATERIAL_BLOCK_SIZE];
   gpu_buffer* buffer;
+  void* bufferPointer;
   gpu_bundle_pool* bundlePool;
   gpu_bundle* bundles;
-  uint32_t head;
-  uint32_t tail;
 } MaterialBlock;
 
 struct Material {
   atomic_uint ref;
-  uint32_t next;
-  uint32_t tick;
   uint32_t index;
-  MaterialInfo info;
-  gpu_bundle* bundle;
   MaterialBlock* block;
-  bool hasWritableTexture;
+  MaterialData data;
+  Texture* textures[TEXTURE_COUNT];
+  gpu_binding bindings[1 + TEXTURE_COUNT];
+  gpu_bundle* bundle;
+  MaterialData* pointer;
+  uint32_t bundleTick;
+  uint32_t bufferTick;
 };
 
 typedef struct {
@@ -792,15 +809,7 @@ bool lovrGraphicsInit(GraphicsConfig* config) {
 
   // Default Material
 
-  state.defaultMaterial = lovrMaterialCreate(&(MaterialInfo) {
-    .data.color = { 1.f, 1.f, 1.f, 1.f },
-    .data.uvScale = { 1.f, 1.f },
-    .data.metalness = 0.f,
-    .data.roughness = 1.f,
-    .data.normalScale = 1.f,
-    .texture = state.defaultTexture
-  });
-
+  state.defaultMaterial = lovrMaterialCreate(NULL);
   if (!state.defaultMaterial) goto fail;
 
   // Default Samplers
@@ -918,7 +927,6 @@ void lovrGraphicsDestroy(void) {
     MaterialBlock* next = block->next;
     gpu_bundle_pool_destroy(block->bundlePool);
     gpu_buffer_destroy(block->buffer);
-    lovrFree(block->materials);
     lovrFree(block->bundlePool);
     lovrFree(block->bundles);
     lovrFree(block->buffer);
@@ -3100,11 +3108,7 @@ void lovrTextureSetSampler(Texture* texture, Sampler* sampler) {
 
 Material* lovrTextureToMaterial(Texture* texture) {
   if (!texture->material) {
-    texture->material = lovrMaterialCreate(&(MaterialInfo) {
-      .data.color = { 1.f, 1.f, 1.f, 1.f },
-      .data.uvScale = { 1.f, 1.f },
-      .texture = texture
-    });
+    texture->material = lovrMaterialCreate(texture);
 
     if (!texture->material) {
       return NULL;
@@ -3113,7 +3117,7 @@ Material* lovrTextureToMaterial(Texture* texture) {
     // Since the Material refcounts the Texture, this creates a cycle.  Release the texture to make
     // sure this is a weak relationship (the automaterial does not keep the texture refcounted).
     lovrRelease(texture, lovrTextureDestroy);
-    texture->material->info.texture = NULL;
+    texture->material->textures[TEXTURE_COLOR] = NULL;
   }
 
   return texture->material;
@@ -4116,164 +4120,272 @@ const DataField* lovrShaderGetBufferFormat(Shader* shader, const char* name, uin
 
 // Material
 
-Material* lovrMaterialCreate(const MaterialInfo* info) {
-  Texture* textures[] = {
-    info->texture,
-    info->glowTexture,
-    info->metalnessTexture,
-    info->roughnessTexture,
-    info->clearcoatTexture,
-    info->occlusionTexture,
-    info->normalTexture
-  };
-
-  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < COUNTOF(textures); i++) {
-    if (!textures[i]) continue;
-    lovrCheck(i == 0 || textures[i]->info.type == TEXTURE_2D, "Material textures must be 2D");
-    lovrCheck(textures[i]->info.samples == 1, "Material textures can not be multisampled");
-    lovrCheck(textures[i]->info.usage & TEXTURE_SAMPLE, "Textures must be created with the 'sample' usage to use them in Materials");
-  }
-
-  // TODO this should be more fine-grained
+static bool lovrMaterialAllocate(Material* material) {
   mtx_lock(&state.lock);
 
   MaterialBlock* block = NULL;
-
-  for (MaterialBlock* node = state.materials; node != NULL; node = node->next) {
-    if (node->head != ~0u && gpu_is_complete(node->materials[node->head].tick)) {
-      block = node;
+  for (MaterialBlock* b = state.materials; b != NULL; b = b->next) {
+    if (b->head != ~0u && gpu_is_complete(b->nodes[b->head].tick)) {
+      block = b;
       break;
     }
   }
 
   if (!block) {
-    const uint32_t count = 256;
-    block = lovrMalloc(sizeof(*block));
-    block->materials = lovrMalloc(count * sizeof(Material));
+    block = lovrMalloc(sizeof(MaterialBlock));
     block->buffer = lovrMalloc(gpu_sizeof_buffer());
     block->bundlePool = lovrMalloc(gpu_sizeof_bundle_pool());
-    block->bundles = lovrMalloc(count * gpu_sizeof_bundle());
+    block->bundles = lovrMalloc(MATERIAL_BLOCK_SIZE * gpu_sizeof_bundle());
 
-    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-      block->materials[i] = (Material) {
-        .index = i,
-        .next = i + 1,
-        .block = block,
-        .bundle = (gpu_bundle*) ((char*) block->bundles + i * gpu_sizeof_bundle())
-      };
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < MATERIAL_BLOCK_SIZE; i++) {
+      block->nodes[i].next = i + 1;
+      block->nodes[i].tick = 0;
     }
 
-    block->materials[count - 1].next = ~0u;
-    block->tail = count - 1;
     block->head = 0;
+    block->tail = MATERIAL_BLOCK_SIZE - 1;
+    block->nodes[block->tail].next = ~0u;
 
     gpu_bundle_pool_info poolInfo = {
       .bundles = block->bundles,
       .layout = state.materialLayout->gpu,
-      .count = count
+      .count = MATERIAL_BLOCK_SIZE
     };
 
     if (!gpu_bundle_pool_init(block->bundlePool, &poolInfo)) {
-      lovrFree(block->materials);
       lovrFree(block->buffer);
       lovrFree(block->bundlePool);
       lovrFree(block->bundles);
       mtx_unlock(&state.lock);
-      return NULL;
+      return false;
     }
 
     gpu_buffer_info bufferInfo = {
       .type = GPU_BUFFER_STATIC,
-      .size = count * (uint32_t) ALIGN(sizeof(MaterialData), state.limits.uniformBufferAlign),
-      .pointer = &block->pointer
+      .size = MATERIAL_BLOCK_SIZE * MATERIAL_STRIDE,
+      .pointer = &block->bufferPointer
     };
 
     if (!gpu_buffer_init(block->buffer, &bufferInfo)) {
-      lovrFree(block->materials);
       lovrFree(block->buffer);
       lovrFree(block->bundlePool);
       lovrFree(block->bundles);
       gpu_bundle_pool_destroy(block->bundlePool);
       mtx_unlock(&state.lock);
-      return NULL;
+      return false;
     }
 
     block->next = state.materials;
     state.materials = block;
   }
 
-  Material* material = &block->materials[block->head];
-  material->ref = 1;
-  material->info = *info;
+  material->block = block;
+  material->index = block->head;
+  material->bundle = (gpu_bundle*) ((char*) block->bundles + block->head * gpu_sizeof_bundle());
+  material->bundleTick = state.tick;
 
-  MaterialData* data;
-  uint32_t stride = ALIGN(sizeof(MaterialData), state.limits.uniformBufferAlign);
+  material->bindings[0] = (gpu_binding) {
+    .number = 0,
+    .type = GPU_SLOT_UNIFORM_BUFFER,
+    .buffer.object = block->buffer,
+    .buffer.offset = material->index * MATERIAL_STRIDE,
+    .buffer.extent = MATERIAL_STRIDE
+  };
 
-  if (block->pointer) {
-    data = (MaterialData*) ((char*) block->pointer + material->index * stride);
-  } else {
-    BufferView staging = getBuffer(GPU_BUFFER_UPLOAD, sizeof(MaterialData), 4);
-    if (!staging.buffer) return mtx_unlock(&state.lock), NULL;
+  if (block->bufferPointer) {
+    material->pointer = (MaterialData*) ((char*) block->bufferPointer + material->index * MATERIAL_STRIDE);
+    material->bufferTick = state.tick;
+  }
 
-    gpu_copy_buffers(state.stream, staging.buffer, block->buffer, staging.offset, stride * material->index, sizeof(MaterialData));
-    state.barrier.prev |= GPU_PHASE_COPY;
-    state.barrier.next |= GPU_PHASE_SHADER_VERTEX | GPU_PHASE_SHADER_FRAGMENT;
-    state.barrier.flush |= GPU_CACHE_TRANSFER_WRITE;
-    state.barrier.clear |= GPU_CACHE_UNIFORM;
-    data = staging.pointer;
+  block->head = block->nodes[block->head].next;
+  block->nodes[material->index].next = ~0u;
+
+  mtx_unlock(&state.lock);
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+static void lovrMaterialRecycle(Material* material) {
+  if (!material->block) return;
+  mtx_lock(&state.lock);
+  material->block->nodes[material->index].tick = state.tick;
+  material->block->tail = material->index;
+  if (material->block->head == ~0u) material->block->head = material->block->tail;
+  material->block = NULL;
+  material->index = ~0u;
+  material->bundle = NULL;
+  mtx_unlock(&state.lock);
+}
+
+static bool lovrMaterialUpload(Material* material) {
+  if (material->bufferTick == state.tick) {
+    return true;
   }
 
-  memcpy(data, info, sizeof(MaterialData));
+  mtx_lock(&state.lock);
+  BufferView staging = getBuffer(GPU_BUFFER_STREAM, sizeof(MaterialData), 4);
+  if (!staging.buffer) return mtx_unlock(&state.lock), NULL;
+  gpu_copy_buffers(state.stream, staging.buffer, material->block->buffer, staging.offset, MATERIAL_STRIDE * material->index, sizeof(MaterialData));
+  state.barrier.prev |= GPU_PHASE_COPY;
+  state.barrier.next |= GPU_PHASE_SHADER_VERTEX | GPU_PHASE_SHADER_FRAGMENT;
+  state.barrier.flush |= GPU_CACHE_TRANSFER_WRITE;
+  state.barrier.clear |= GPU_CACHE_UNIFORM;
+  material->bufferTick = state.tick;
+  material->pointer = staging.pointer;
+  memcpy(material->pointer, &material->data, sizeof(MaterialData));
+  mtx_unlock(&state.lock);
 
-  gpu_buffer_binding buffer = {
-    .object = block->buffer,
-    .offset = material->index * stride,
-    .extent = stride
-  };
+  return true;
+}
 
-  gpu_binding bindings[8] = {
-    { 0, GPU_SLOT_UNIFORM_BUFFER, .buffer = buffer }
+Material* lovrMaterialCreate(Texture* texture) {
+  Material* material = lovrCalloc(sizeof(Material));
+  material->ref = 1;
+
+  material->data = (MaterialData) {
+    .colors[COLOR_BASE] = { 1.f, 1.f, 1.f, 1.f },
+    .quad = { 0.f, 0.f, 1.f, 1.f }
   };
 
-  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < COUNTOF(textures); i++) {
-    Texture* texture = textures[i] ? textures[i] : state.defaultTexture;
-    bindings[i + 1] = (gpu_binding) { i + 1, GPU_SLOT_SAMPLED_TEXTURE, .texture.object = texture->sampleViewFloat };
-    material->hasWritableTexture |= texture->info.usage != TEXTURE_SAMPLE;
-    lovrRetain(textures[i]);
+  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < TEXTURE_COUNT; i++) {
+    Texture* t = state.defaultTexture;
+    material->textures[i] = t;
+    material->bindings[i + 1] = (gpu_binding) {
+      .number = i + 1,
+      .type = GPU_SLOT_SAMPLED_TEXTURE,
+      .texture.object = t->sampleViewFloat
+    };
+    lovrRetain(t);
   }
 
-  gpu_bundle_info bundleInfo = {
-    .layout = state.materialLayout->gpu,
-    .bindings = bindings,
-    .count = COUNTOF(bindings)
-  };
+  if (texture) {
+    // This will take care of allocating the material and writing all the bindings
+    if (!lovrMaterialSetTexture(material, TEXTURE_COLOR, texture)) {
+      lovrFree(material);
+      return NULL;
+    }
+  } else {
+    if (!lovrMaterialAllocate(material)) {
+      lovrFree(material);
+      return NULL;
+    }
 
-  gpu_bundle_write(&material->bundle, &bundleInfo, 1);
+    gpu_bundle_info bundleInfo = {
+      .layout = state.materialLayout->gpu,
+      .bindings = material->bindings,
+      .count = COUNTOF(material->bindings)
+    };
+
+    gpu_bundle_write(&material->bundle, &bundleInfo, 1);
+  }
+
+  if (material->pointer) {
+    memcpy(material->pointer, &material->data, sizeof(MaterialData));
+  } else {
+    lovrMaterialUpload(material);
+  }
 
-  block->head = material->next;
-  material->next = ~0u;
-  mtx_unlock(&state.lock);
   return material;
 }
 
 void lovrMaterialDestroy(void* ref) {
   Material* material = ref;
-  mtx_lock(&state.lock);
-  material->tick = state.tick;
-  material->block->tail = material->index;
-  if (material->block->head == ~0u) material->block->head = material->block->tail;
-  mtx_unlock(&state.lock);
-  lovrRelease(material->info.texture, lovrTextureDestroy);
-  lovrRelease(material->info.glowTexture, lovrTextureDestroy);
-  lovrRelease(material->info.metalnessTexture, lovrTextureDestroy);
-  lovrRelease(material->info.roughnessTexture, lovrTextureDestroy);
-  lovrRelease(material->info.clearcoatTexture, lovrTextureDestroy);
-  lovrRelease(material->info.occlusionTexture, lovrTextureDestroy);
-  lovrRelease(material->info.normalTexture, lovrTextureDestroy);
+  lovrMaterialRecycle(material);
+  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < TEXTURE_COUNT; i++) {
+    lovrRelease(material->textures[i], lovrTextureDestroy);
+  }
+  lovrFree(material);
+}
+
+float lovrMaterialGetNumber(Material* material, MaterialNumber key) {
+  return material->data.numbers[key];
+}
+
+bool lovrMaterialSetNumber(Material* material, MaterialNumber key, float number) {
+  if (!lovrMaterialUpload(material)) return false;
+  material->data.numbers[key] = number;
+  material->pointer->numbers[key] = number;
+  return true;
+}
+
+const float* lovrMaterialGetColor(Material* material, MaterialColor key) {
+  return material->data.colors[key];
+}
+
+bool lovrMaterialSetColor(Material* material, MaterialColor key, float color[4]) {
+  if (!lovrMaterialUpload(material)) return false;
+  memcpy(material->data.colors[key], color, 4 * sizeof(float));
+  material->pointer->colors[key][0] = lovrMathGammaToLinear(color[0]);
+  material->pointer->colors[key][1] = lovrMathGammaToLinear(color[1]);
+  material->pointer->colors[key][2] = lovrMathGammaToLinear(color[2]);
+  material->pointer->colors[key][3] = color[3];
+  return true;
+}
+
+Texture* lovrMaterialGetTexture(Material* material, MaterialTexture key) {
+  return material->textures[key];
+}
+
+bool lovrMaterialSetTexture(Material* material, MaterialTexture key, Texture* texture) {
+  if (texture == material->textures[key]) return true;
+
+  lovrCheck(key == TEXTURE_COLOR || texture->info.type == TEXTURE_2D, "Material textures must be 2D");
+  lovrCheck(texture->info.samples == 1, "Material textures can not be multisampled");
+  lovrCheck(texture->info.usage & TEXTURE_SAMPLE, "Textures must be created with the 'sample' usage to use them in Materials");
+
+  lovrRelease(material->textures[key], lovrTextureDestroy);
+  material->textures[key] = texture;
+  material->bindings[key + 1].texture.object = texture->sampleViewFloat;
+  lovrRetain(texture);
+
+  gpu_bundle_info bundleInfo = { .layout = state.materialLayout->gpu };
+
+  if (material->bundleTick == state.tick) {
+    bundleInfo.bindings = &material->bindings[key + 1];
+    bundleInfo.count = 1;
+  } else {
+    lovrMaterialRecycle(material);
+
+    if (!lovrMaterialAllocate(material)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    bundleInfo.bindings = material->bindings;
+    bundleInfo.count = COUNTOF(material->bindings);
+  }
+
+  gpu_bundle_write(&material->bundle, &bundleInfo, 1);
+
+  return true;
 }
 
-const MaterialInfo* lovrMaterialGetInfo(Material* material) {
-  return &material->info;
+void lovrMaterialGetQuad(Material* material, float* ox, float* oy, float* sx, float* sy) {
+  *ox = material->data.quad[0];
+  *oy = material->data.quad[1];
+  *sx = material->data.quad[2];
+  *sy = material->data.quad[3];
+}
+
+bool lovrMaterialSetQuad(Material* material, float ox, float oy, float sx, float sy) {
+  if (!lovrMaterialUpload(material)) return false;
+  material->data.quad[0] = ox;
+  material->data.quad[1] = oy;
+  material->data.quad[2] = sx;
+  material->data.quad[3] = sy;
+  material->pointer->quad[0] = ox;
+  material->pointer->quad[1] = oy;
+  material->pointer->quad[2] = sx;
+  material->pointer->quad[3] = sy;
+  return true;
+}
+
+static bool lovrMaterialSetSDFRange(Material* material, float x, float y) {
+  if (!lovrMaterialUpload(material)) return false;
+  material->data.sdfRange[0] = x;
+  material->data.sdfRange[1] = y;
+  material->pointer->sdfRange[0] = x;
+  material->pointer->sdfRange[1] = y;
+  return true;
 }
 
 // Font
@@ -4344,11 +4456,7 @@ Font* lovrFontCreate(const FontInfo* info) {
       return NULL;
     }
 
-    font->material = lovrMaterialCreate(&(MaterialInfo) {
-      .data.color = { 1.f, 1.f, 1.f, 1.f },
-      .data.uvScale = { 1.f, 1.f },
-      .texture = font->atlas
-    });
+    font->material = lovrMaterialCreate(font->atlas);
 
     if (!font->material) {
       lovrFontDestroy(font);
@@ -4514,12 +4622,8 @@ static Glyph* lovrFontGetGlyph(Font* font, uint32_t codepoint, bool* resized) {
       return NULL;
     }
 
-    Material* material = lovrMaterialCreate(&(MaterialInfo) {
-      .data.color = { 1.f, 1.f, 1.f, 1.f },
-      .data.uvScale = { 1.f, 1.f },
-      .data.sdfRange = { font->info.spread / newWidth, font->info.spread / newHeight },
-      .texture = atlas
-    });
+    Material* material = lovrMaterialCreate(atlas);
+    lovrMaterialSetSDFRange(material, font->info.spread / newWidth, font->info.spread / newHeight);
 
     if (!material) {
       lovrTextureDestroy(atlas);
@@ -5330,58 +5434,65 @@ Model* lovrModelCreate(const ModelInfo* info) {
   ModelData* data = info->data;
   ModelMetadata* meta = &model->meta;
 
-  // Materials and Textures
+  // Materials
+
+  model->textures = lovrCalloc(meta->imageCount * sizeof(Texture*));
+  model->materials = lovrCalloc(meta->materialCount * sizeof(Material*));
+
   if (info->materials) {
-    model->textures = lovrCalloc(meta->imageCount * sizeof(Texture*));
-    model->materials = lovrMalloc(meta->materialCount * sizeof(Material*));
     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < meta->materialCount; i++) {
-      MaterialInfo material;
+      Material* material = lovrMaterialCreate(NULL);
+      lovrAssertGoto(fail, material, "Failed to create model material: %s", lovrGetError());
+      model->materials[i] = material;
+
       ModelMaterial* properties = &meta->materials[i];
-      memcpy(&material.data, properties, sizeof(MaterialData));
-
-      struct { uint32_t index; Texture** texture; } textures[] = {
-        { properties->texture, &material.texture },
-        { properties->glowTexture, &material.glowTexture },
-        { properties->metalnessTexture, &material.metalnessTexture },
-        { properties->roughnessTexture, &material.roughnessTexture },
-        { properties->clearcoatTexture, &material.clearcoatTexture },
-        { properties->occlusionTexture, &material.occlusionTexture },
-        { properties->normalTexture, &material.normalTexture }
+      lovrMaterialSetNumber(material, NUMBER_METALNESS, properties->metalness);
+      lovrMaterialSetNumber(material, NUMBER_ROUGHNESS, properties->roughness);
+      lovrMaterialSetNumber(material, NUMBER_CLEARCOAT, properties->clearcoat);
+      lovrMaterialSetNumber(material, NUMBER_CLEARCOAT_ROUGHNESS, properties->clearcoatRoughness);
+      lovrMaterialSetNumber(material, NUMBER_OCCLUSION_STRENGTH, properties->occlusionStrength);
+      lovrMaterialSetNumber(material, NUMBER_NORMAL_SCALE, properties->normalScale);
+      lovrMaterialSetNumber(material, NUMBER_ALPHA_CUTOFF, properties->alphaCutoff);
+      lovrMaterialSetColor(material, COLOR_BASE, properties->color);
+      lovrMaterialSetColor(material, COLOR_GLOW, properties->glow);
+      lovrMaterialSetQuad(material, properties->uvShift[0], properties->uvShift[1], properties->uvScale[0], properties->uvScale[1]);
+
+      uint32_t textures[] = {
+        [TEXTURE_COLOR] = properties->texture,
+        [TEXTURE_GLOW] = properties->glowTexture,
+        [TEXTURE_METALNESS] = properties->metalnessTexture,
+        [TEXTURE_ROUGHNESS] = properties->roughnessTexture,
+        [TEXTURE_CLEARCOAT] = properties->clearcoatTexture,
+        [TEXTURE_OCCLUSION] = properties->occlusionTexture,
+        [TEXTURE_NORMAL] = properties->normalTexture
       };
 
       for (uint32_t t = 0; t < COUNTOF(textures); t++) {
-        uint32_t index = textures[t].index;
-        Texture** texture = textures[t].texture;
-
-        if (index == ~0u) {
-          *texture = NULL;
-        } else {
-          if (!model->textures[index]) {
-            Image* image = data->images[index];
-
-            model->textures[index] = lovrTextureCreate(&(TextureInfo) {
-              .type = TEXTURE_2D,
-              .usage = TEXTURE_SAMPLE,
-              .format = lovrImageGetFormat(image),
-              .width = lovrImageGetWidth(image, 0),
-              .height = lovrImageGetHeight(image, 0),
-              .layers = 1,
-              .mipmaps = info->mipmaps || lovrImageGetLevelCount(image) > 1 ? ~0u : 1,
-              .samples = 1,
-              .srgb = texture == &material.texture || texture == &material.glowTexture,
-              .images = &image,
-              .imageCount = 1
-            });
-
-            if (!model->textures[index]) goto fail;
-          }
-
-          *texture = model->textures[index];
+        uint32_t index = textures[t];
+        if (index == ~0u) continue;
+
+        if (!model->textures[index]) {
+          Image* image = data->images[index];
+
+          model->textures[index] = lovrTextureCreate(&(TextureInfo) {
+            .type = TEXTURE_2D,
+            .usage = TEXTURE_SAMPLE,
+            .format = lovrImageGetFormat(image),
+            .width = lovrImageGetWidth(image, 0),
+            .height = lovrImageGetHeight(image, 0),
+            .layers = 1,
+            .mipmaps = info->mipmaps || lovrImageGetLevelCount(image) > 1 ? ~0u : 1,
+            .samples = 1,
+            .srgb = t == TEXTURE_COLOR || t == TEXTURE_GLOW,
+            .images = &image,
+            .imageCount = 1
+          });
+
+          if (!model->textures[index]) goto fail;
         }
-      }
 
-      model->materials[i] = lovrMaterialCreate(&material);
-      lovrAssertGoto(fail, model->materials[i], "Failed to create model material: %s", lovrGetError());
+        lovrMaterialSetTexture(material, t, model->textures[index]);
+      }
     }
   }
 
@@ -5504,8 +5615,18 @@ Model* lovrModelClone(Model* parent) {
 
   ModelMetadata* meta = &model->meta;
 
-  model->textures = parent->textures;
-  model->materials = parent->materials;
+  model->textures = lovrMalloc(meta->imageCount * sizeof(Texture*));
+  model->materials = lovrMalloc(meta->materialCount * sizeof(Material*));
+  memcpy(model->textures, parent->textures, meta->imageCount * sizeof(Texture*));
+  memcpy(model->materials, parent->materials, meta->materialCount * sizeof(Material*));
+
+  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < meta->imageCount; i++) {
+    lovrRetain(model->textures[i]);
+  }
+
+  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < meta->materialCount; i++) {
+    lovrRetain(model->materials[i]);
+  }
 
   model->rawVertexBuffer = parent->rawVertexBuffer;
   model->indexBuffer = parent->indexBuffer;
@@ -5571,16 +5692,14 @@ void lovrModelDestroy(void* ref) {
     return;
   }
   ModelMetadata* meta = &model->meta;
-  if (model->materials) {
-    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < meta->materialCount; i++) {
-      lovrRelease(model->materials[i], lovrMaterialDestroy);
-    }
-    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < meta->imageCount; i++) {
-      lovrRelease(model->textures[i], lovrTextureDestroy);
-    }
-    lovrFree(model->materials);
-    lovrFree(model->textures);
+  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < meta->materialCount; i++) {
+    lovrRelease(model->materials[i], lovrMaterialDestroy);
+  }
+  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < meta->imageCount; i++) {
+    lovrRelease(model->textures[i], lovrTextureDestroy);
   }
+  lovrFree(model->materials);
+  lovrFree(model->textures);
   if (model->meshes) {
     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < meta->meshCount; i++) {
       lovrRelease(model->meshes[i], lovrMeshDestroy);
@@ -5833,7 +5952,7 @@ Mesh* lovrModelGetMesh(Model* model, uint32_t index) {
       default: lovrUnreachable();
     }
 
-    if (model->materials && part->material != ~0u) {
+    if (part->material != ~0u) {
       lovrMeshSetMaterial(mesh, model->materials[part->material]);
     }
 
@@ -5853,10 +5972,20 @@ Texture* lovrModelGetTexture(Model* model, uint32_t index) {
   return model->textures[index];
 }
 
-Material* lovrModelGetMaterial(Model* model, uint32_t index) {
+bool lovrModelGetMaterial(Model* model, uint32_t index, Material** material) {
   uint32_t count = model->meta.materialCount;
   lovrCheck(index < count, "Invalid material index '%d' (Model has %d material%s)", index + 1, count, count == 1 ? "" : "s");
-  return model->materials[index];
+  *material = model->materials[index];
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool lovrModelSetMaterial(Model* model, uint32_t index, Material* material) {
+  uint32_t count = model->meta.materialCount;
+  lovrCheck(index < count, "Invalid material index '%d' (Model has %d material%s)", index + 1, count, count == 1 ? "" : "s");
+  lovrRelease(model->materials[index], lovrMaterialDestroy);
+  model->materials[index] = material;
+  lovrRetain(material);
+  return true;
 }
 
 static bool lovrModelAnimateVertices(Model* model) {
@@ -8965,7 +9094,7 @@ static bool drawNode(Pass* pass, Model* model, uint32_t index, uint32_t instance
 
       DrawInfo draw = {
         .mode = part->mode == DRAW_POINT_LIST ? DRAW_POINTS : part->mode == DRAW_LINE_LIST ? DRAW_LINES : DRAW_TRIANGLES,
-        .material = model->materials && part->material != ~0u ? model->materials[part->material] : NULL,
+        .material = part->material != ~0u ? model->materials[part->material] : NULL,
         .transform = node->skin == ~0u ? globalTransform : NULL,
         .bounds = bounds,
         .vertex.buffer = model->vertexBuffer,
@@ -9042,7 +9171,7 @@ bool lovrPassDrawPart(Pass* pass, Model* model, uint32_t meshIndex, uint32_t par
 
     DrawInfo draw = {
       .mode = part->mode == DRAW_POINT_LIST ? DRAW_POINTS : part->mode == DRAW_LINE_LIST ? DRAW_LINES : DRAW_TRIANGLES,
-      .material = model->materials && part->material != ~0u ? model->materials[part->material] : NULL,
+      .material = part->material != ~0u ? model->materials[part->material] : NULL,
       .transform = transform, // TODO fix skinned mesh transforms?
       .bounds = part->bounds,
       .vertex.buffer = model->vertexBuffer,
@@ -9771,20 +9900,16 @@ static void trackTexture(Pass* pass, Texture* texture, gpu_phase phase, gpu_cach
 }
 
 static void trackMaterial(Pass* pass, Material* material) {
-  if (!material->hasWritableTexture) {
-    return;
-  }
-
   gpu_phase phase = GPU_PHASE_SHADER_VERTEX | GPU_PHASE_SHADER_FRAGMENT;
   gpu_cache cache = GPU_CACHE_TEXTURE;
 
-  trackTexture(pass, material->info.texture, phase, cache);
-  trackTexture(pass, material->info.glowTexture, phase, cache);
-  trackTexture(pass, material->info.metalnessTexture, phase, cache);
-  trackTexture(pass, material->info.roughnessTexture, phase, cache);
-  trackTexture(pass, material->info.clearcoatTexture, phase, cache);
-  trackTexture(pass, material->info.occlusionTexture, phase, cache);
-  trackTexture(pass, material->info.normalTexture, phase, cache);
+  trackTexture(pass, material->textures[TEXTURE_COLOR], phase, cache);
+  trackTexture(pass, material->textures[TEXTURE_GLOW], phase, cache);
+  trackTexture(pass, material->textures[TEXTURE_METALNESS], phase, cache);
+  trackTexture(pass, material->textures[TEXTURE_ROUGHNESS], phase, cache);
+  trackTexture(pass, material->textures[TEXTURE_CLEARCOAT], phase, cache);
+  trackTexture(pass, material->textures[TEXTURE_OCCLUSION], phase, cache);
+  trackTexture(pass, material->textures[TEXTURE_NORMAL], phase, cache);
 }
 
 static void trackRaytracer(Pass* pass, Raytracer* raytracer, gpu_phase phase, gpu_cache cache) {
diff --git a/src/modules/graphics/graphics.h b/src/modules/graphics/graphics.h
index b6172bd5f5..2d3507480b 100644
--- a/src/modules/graphics/graphics.h
+++ b/src/modules/graphics/graphics.h
@@ -379,35 +379,44 @@ const DataField* lovrShaderGetBufferFormat(Shader* shader, const char* name, uin
 
 // Material
 
-typedef struct {
-  float color[4];
-  float glow[4];
-  float uvShift[2];
-  float uvScale[2];
-  float sdfRange[2];
-  float metalness;
-  float roughness;
-  float clearcoat;
-  float clearcoatRoughness;
-  float occlusionStrength;
-  float normalScale;
-  float alphaCutoff;
-} MaterialData;
+typedef enum {
+  NUMBER_METALNESS,
+  NUMBER_ROUGHNESS,
+  NUMBER_CLEARCOAT,
+  NUMBER_CLEARCOAT_ROUGHNESS,
+  NUMBER_OCCLUSION_STRENGTH,
+  NUMBER_NORMAL_SCALE,
+  NUMBER_ALPHA_CUTOFF,
+  NUMBER_COUNT
+} MaterialNumber;
 
-typedef struct {
-  MaterialData data;
-  Texture* texture;
-  Texture* glowTexture;
-  Texture* metalnessTexture;
-  Texture* roughnessTexture;
-  Texture* clearcoatTexture;
-  Texture* occlusionTexture;
-  Texture* normalTexture;
-} MaterialInfo;
-
-Material* lovrMaterialCreate(const MaterialInfo* info);
+typedef enum {
+  COLOR_BASE,
+  COLOR_GLOW,
+  COLOR_COUNT
+} MaterialColor;
+
+typedef enum {
+  TEXTURE_COLOR,
+  TEXTURE_GLOW,
+  TEXTURE_METALNESS,
+  TEXTURE_ROUGHNESS,
+  TEXTURE_CLEARCOAT,
+  TEXTURE_OCCLUSION,
+  TEXTURE_NORMAL,
+  TEXTURE_COUNT
+} MaterialTexture;
+
+Material* lovrMaterialCreate(Texture* texture);
 void lovrMaterialDestroy(void* ref);
-const MaterialInfo* lovrMaterialGetInfo(Material* material);
+float lovrMaterialGetNumber(Material* material, MaterialNumber key);
+bool lovrMaterialSetNumber(Material* material, MaterialNumber key, float number);
+const float* lovrMaterialGetColor(Material* material, MaterialColor key);
+bool lovrMaterialSetColor(Material* material, MaterialColor key, float color[4]);
+Texture* lovrMaterialGetTexture(Material* material, MaterialTexture key);
+bool lovrMaterialSetTexture(Material* material, MaterialTexture key, Texture* texture);
+void lovrMaterialGetQuad(Material* material, float* ox, float* oy, float* sx, float* sy);
+bool lovrMaterialSetQuad(Material* material, float ox, float oy, float sx, float sy);
 
 // Font
 
@@ -536,7 +545,8 @@ Buffer* lovrModelGetVertexBuffer(Model* model);
 Buffer* lovrModelGetIndexBuffer(Model* model);
 Mesh* lovrModelGetMesh(Model* model, uint32_t index);
 Texture* lovrModelGetTexture(Model* model, uint32_t index);
-Material* lovrModelGetMaterial(Model* model, uint32_t index);
+bool lovrModelGetMaterial(Model* model, uint32_t index, Material** material);
+bool lovrModelSetMaterial(Model* model, uint32_t index, Material* material);
 bool lovrModelBuildRaytracer(Model* model);
 
 // Raytracer

From 7d7f7a22a3050b590f9a7ef3077c5073a18f1b89 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: bjorn <mail@bjornbyt.es>
Date: Mon, 10 Aug 2026 12:37:40 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 2/7] Adjust material defaults;

---
 src/modules/graphics/graphics.c | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/modules/graphics/graphics.c b/src/modules/graphics/graphics.c
index ba7075425b..1404a6cdab 100644
--- a/src/modules/graphics/graphics.c
+++ b/src/modules/graphics/graphics.c
@@ -4243,6 +4243,8 @@ Material* lovrMaterialCreate(Texture* texture) {
   material->ref = 1;
 
   material->data = (MaterialData) {
+    .numbers[NUMBER_OCCLUSION_STRENGTH] = 1.f,
+    .numbers[NUMBER_NORMAL_SCALE] = 1.f,
     .colors[COLOR_BASE] = { 1.f, 1.f, 1.f, 1.f },
     .quad = { 0.f, 0.f, 1.f, 1.f }
   };

From 8c23b268cd09bef54fda90e1bf4a5ba00914cfbe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: bjorn <mail@bjornbyt.es>
Date: Mon, 10 Aug 2026 13:46:45 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 3/7] Fixes;

---
 src/api/l_graphics.c            |  7 ++++---
 src/api/l_graphics_material.c   |  6 +++---
 src/modules/graphics/graphics.c | 20 +++++++++++++++-----
 3 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/api/l_graphics.c b/src/api/l_graphics.c
index 60594103cb..aee43b56a8 100644
--- a/src/api/l_graphics.c
+++ b/src/api/l_graphics.c
@@ -1491,8 +1491,6 @@ static int l_lovrGraphicsNewMaterial(lua_State* L) {
   luax_assert(L, material);
 
   if (lua_istable(L, 1)) {
-    float value, color[4];
-
     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < NUMBER_COUNT; i++) {
       lua_pushlstring(L, lovrMaterialNumber[i].string, lovrMaterialNumber[i].length);
       lua_gettable(L, 1);
@@ -1509,6 +1507,7 @@ static int l_lovrGraphicsNewMaterial(lua_State* L) {
 
       lua_gettable(L, 1);
       if (!lua_isnil(L, -1)) {
+        float color[4];
         luax_optcolor(L, -1, color);
         lovrMaterialSetColor(material, i, color);
       }
@@ -1536,7 +1535,7 @@ static int l_lovrGraphicsNewMaterial(lua_State* L) {
       lua_pop(L, 1);
     }
 
-    float quad[4];
+    float quad[4] = { 0.f, 0.f, 1.f, 1.f };
 
     // Deprecated
     lua_getfield(L, 1, "uvShift");
@@ -1577,6 +1576,8 @@ static int l_lovrGraphicsNewMaterial(lua_State* L) {
       lua_pop(L, 4);
     }
     lua_pop(L, 1);
+
+    lovrMaterialSetQuad(material, quad[0], quad[1], quad[2], quad[3]);
   }
 
   luax_pushtype(L, Material, material);
diff --git a/src/api/l_graphics_material.c b/src/api/l_graphics_material.c
index be0bea126e..11acac4b9a 100644
--- a/src/api/l_graphics_material.c
+++ b/src/api/l_graphics_material.c
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ static int l_lovrMaterialSetNumber(lua_State* L) {
   Material* material = luax_checktype(L, 1, Material);
   MaterialNumber key = luax_checkenum(L, 2, MaterialNumber, NULL);
   float number = luax_checkfloat(L, 3);
-  lovrMaterialSetNumber(material, key, number);
+  luax_assert(L, lovrMaterialSetNumber(material, key, number));
   return 0;
 }
 
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ static int l_lovrMaterialSetColor(lua_State* L) {
   float color[4];
   MaterialColor key = lua_type(L, index) == LUA_TSTRING ? luax_checkenum(L, index++, MaterialColor, NULL) : COLOR_BASE;
   luax_readcolor(L, index, color);
-  lovrMaterialSetColor(material, key, color);
+  luax_assert(L, lovrMaterialSetColor(material, key, color));
   return 0;
 }
 
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ static int l_lovrMaterialSetTexture(lua_State* L) {
   int index = 2;
   MaterialTexture key = lua_type(L, index) == LUA_TSTRING ? luax_checkenum(L, index++, MaterialTexture, NULL) : TEXTURE_COLOR;
   Texture* texture = luax_checktype(L, index, Texture);
-  lovrMaterialSetTexture(material, key, texture);
+  luax_assert(L, lovrMaterialSetTexture(material, key, texture));
   return 0;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/modules/graphics/graphics.c b/src/modules/graphics/graphics.c
index 1404a6cdab..cc098d772a 100644
--- a/src/modules/graphics/graphics.c
+++ b/src/modules/graphics/graphics.c
@@ -4208,9 +4208,11 @@ static bool lovrMaterialAllocate(Material* material) {
 static void lovrMaterialRecycle(Material* material) {
   if (!material->block) return;
   mtx_lock(&state.lock);
-  material->block->nodes[material->index].tick = state.tick;
-  material->block->tail = material->index;
-  if (material->block->head == ~0u) material->block->head = material->block->tail;
+  MaterialBlock* block = material->block;
+  block->nodes[material->index].tick = state.tick;
+  if (block->head == ~0u) block->head = material->index;
+  else block->nodes[block->tail].next = material->index;
+  block->tail = material->index;
   material->block = NULL;
   material->index = ~0u;
   material->bundle = NULL;
@@ -4224,7 +4226,7 @@ static bool lovrMaterialUpload(Material* material) {
 
   mtx_lock(&state.lock);
   BufferView staging = getBuffer(GPU_BUFFER_STREAM, sizeof(MaterialData), 4);
-  if (!staging.buffer) return mtx_unlock(&state.lock), NULL;
+  if (!staging.buffer) return mtx_unlock(&state.lock), false;
   gpu_copy_buffers(state.stream, staging.buffer, material->block->buffer, staging.offset, MATERIAL_STRIDE * material->index, sizeof(MaterialData));
   state.barrier.prev |= GPU_PHASE_COPY;
   state.barrier.next |= GPU_PHASE_SHADER_VERTEX | GPU_PHASE_SHADER_FRAGMENT;
@@ -4232,7 +4234,15 @@ static bool lovrMaterialUpload(Material* material) {
   state.barrier.clear |= GPU_CACHE_UNIFORM;
   material->bufferTick = state.tick;
   material->pointer = staging.pointer;
-  memcpy(material->pointer, &material->data, sizeof(MaterialData));
+  memcpy(material->pointer->numbers, &material->data.numbers, sizeof(material->data.numbers));
+  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < COLOR_COUNT; i++) {
+    material->pointer->colors[i][0] = lovrMathGammaToLinear(material->data.colors[i][0]);
+    material->pointer->colors[i][1] = lovrMathGammaToLinear(material->data.colors[i][1]);
+    material->pointer->colors[i][2] = lovrMathGammaToLinear(material->data.colors[i][2]);
+    material->pointer->colors[i][3] = material->data.colors[i][3];
+  }
+  memcpy(material->pointer->quad, material->data.quad, sizeof(material->data.quad));
+  memcpy(material->pointer->sdfRange, material->data.sdfRange, sizeof(material->data.sdfRange));
   mtx_unlock(&state.lock);
 
   return true;

From 8cbb4ee859ef71fefaca157f777a71039fef2cbe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: bjorn <mail@bjornbyt.es>
Date: Sat, 15 Aug 2026 12:48:18 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 4/7] ModelData uses new quad field;

---
 src/api/l_data_modelData.c        | 19 ++++++++-----------
 src/modules/data/modelData.c      |  7 +++----
 src/modules/data/modelData.h      |  9 ++++-----
 src/modules/data/modelData_gltf.c |  8 ++++----
 src/modules/data/modelData_obj.c  |  7 +++----
 src/modules/graphics/graphics.c   |  2 +-
 6 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/api/l_data_modelData.c b/src/api/l_data_modelData.c
index 6c830fbc74..cb04603445 100644
--- a/src/api/l_data_modelData.c
+++ b/src/api/l_data_modelData.c
@@ -602,19 +602,16 @@ static int l_lovrModelDataGetMaterial(lua_State* L) {
   lua_rawseti(L, -2, 4);
   lua_setfield(L, -2, "glow");
 
-  lua_createtable(L, 2, 0);
-  lua_pushnumber(L, material->uvShift[0]);
-  lua_rawseti(L, -2, 1);
-  lua_pushnumber(L, material->uvShift[1]);
-  lua_rawseti(L, -2, 2);
-  lua_setfield(L, -2, "uvShift");
-
-  lua_createtable(L, 2, 0);
-  lua_pushnumber(L, material->uvScale[0]);
+  lua_createtable(L, 4, 0);
+  lua_pushnumber(L, material->quad[0]);
   lua_rawseti(L, -2, 1);
-  lua_pushnumber(L, material->uvScale[1]);
+  lua_pushnumber(L, material->quad[1]);
   lua_rawseti(L, -2, 2);
-  lua_setfield(L, -2, "uvScale");
+  lua_pushnumber(L, material->quad[2]);
+  lua_rawseti(L, -2, 3);
+  lua_pushnumber(L, material->quad[3]);
+  lua_rawseti(L, -2, 4);
+  lua_setfield(L, -2, "quad");
 
   lua_pushnumber(L, material->metalness), lua_setfield(L, -2, "metalness");
   lua_pushnumber(L, material->roughness), lua_setfield(L, -2, "roughness");
diff --git a/src/modules/data/modelData.c b/src/modules/data/modelData.c
index 53a4fdf4b5..f2003e3dea 100644
--- a/src/modules/data/modelData.c
+++ b/src/modules/data/modelData.c
@@ -109,10 +109,6 @@ void lovrModelDataAllocate(ModelData* model) {
 
   for (uint32_t i = 0; i < meta->materialCount; i++) {
     meta->materials[i] = (ModelMaterial) {
-      .color = { 1.f, 1.f, 1.f, 1.f },
-      .glow = { 0.f, 0.f, 0.f, 1.f },
-      .uvShift = { 0.f, 0.f },
-      .uvScale = { 1.f, 1.f },
       .metalness = 1.f,
       .roughness = 1.f,
       .clearcoat = 0.f,
@@ -120,6 +116,9 @@ void lovrModelDataAllocate(ModelData* model) {
       .occlusionStrength = 1.f,
       .normalScale = 1.f,
       .alphaCutoff = 0.f,
+      .color = { 1.f, 1.f, 1.f, 1.f },
+      .glow = { 0.f, 0.f, 0.f, 1.f },
+      .quad = { 0.f, 0.f, 1.f, 1.f },
       .texture = ~0u,
       .glowTexture = ~0u,
       .metalnessTexture = ~0u,
diff --git a/src/modules/data/modelData.h b/src/modules/data/modelData.h
index 6843151e0b..7702cb03ac 100644
--- a/src/modules/data/modelData.h
+++ b/src/modules/data/modelData.h
@@ -74,11 +74,6 @@ typedef struct {
 } ModelMesh;
 
 typedef struct {
-  float color[4];
-  float glow[4];
-  float uvShift[2];
-  float uvScale[2];
-  float sdfRange[2];
   float metalness;
   float roughness;
   float clearcoat;
@@ -86,6 +81,10 @@ typedef struct {
   float occlusionStrength;
   float normalScale;
   float alphaCutoff;
+  float color[4];
+  float glow[4];
+  float quad[4];
+  float sdfRange[2];
   uint32_t texture;
   uint32_t glowTexture;
   uint32_t metalnessTexture;
diff --git a/src/modules/data/modelData_gltf.c b/src/modules/data/modelData_gltf.c
index 8786522fe0..d2ff85c6c1 100644
--- a/src/modules/data/modelData_gltf.c
+++ b/src/modules/data/modelData_gltf.c
@@ -179,12 +179,12 @@ static jsmntok_t* nomTexture(const char* json, jsmntok_t* token, ModelMaterial*
             gltfString key = NOM_STR(json, token);
             if (STR_EQ(key, "offset")) {
               token++; // Enter array
-              material->uvShift[0] = NOM_FLOAT(json, token);
-              material->uvShift[1] = NOM_FLOAT(json, token);
+              material->quad[0] = NOM_FLOAT(json, token);
+              material->quad[1] = NOM_FLOAT(json, token);
             } else if (STR_EQ(key, "scale")) {
               token++; // Enter array
-              material->uvScale[0] = NOM_FLOAT(json, token);
-              material->uvScale[1] = NOM_FLOAT(json, token);
+              material->quad[2] = NOM_FLOAT(json, token);
+              material->quad[3] = NOM_FLOAT(json, token);
             } else {
               token = NOM(token);
             }
diff --git a/src/modules/data/modelData_obj.c b/src/modules/data/modelData_obj.c
index c1ce151aec..0a7babf9ca 100644
--- a/src/modules/data/modelData_obj.c
+++ b/src/modules/data/modelData_obj.c
@@ -58,10 +58,6 @@ static bool parseMtl(char* path, char* base, ModelDataIO* io, arr_image_t* image
     if (STARTS_WITH(line, "newmtl ")) {
       map_set(names, hash64(line + 7, length - 7), materials->length);
       arr_push(materials, ((ModelMaterial) {
-        .color = { 1.f, 1.f, 1.f, 1.f },
-        .glow = { 0.f, 0.f, 0.f, 1.f },
-        .uvShift = { 0.f, 1.f },
-        .uvScale = { 1.f, 1.f },
         .metalness = 1.f,
         .roughness = 1.f,
         .clearcoat = 0.f,
@@ -69,6 +65,9 @@ static bool parseMtl(char* path, char* base, ModelDataIO* io, arr_image_t* image
         .occlusionStrength = 1.f,
         .normalScale = 1.f,
         .alphaCutoff = 0.f,
+        .color = { 1.f, 1.f, 1.f, 1.f },
+        .glow = { 0.f, 0.f, 0.f, 1.f },
+        .quad = { 0.f, 1.f, 1.f, 1.f },
         .texture = ~0u,
         .glowTexture = ~0u,
         .metalnessTexture = ~0u,
diff --git a/src/modules/graphics/graphics.c b/src/modules/graphics/graphics.c
index cc098d772a..012496593f 100644
--- a/src/modules/graphics/graphics.c
+++ b/src/modules/graphics/graphics.c
@@ -5467,7 +5467,7 @@ Model* lovrModelCreate(const ModelInfo* info) {
       lovrMaterialSetNumber(material, NUMBER_ALPHA_CUTOFF, properties->alphaCutoff);
       lovrMaterialSetColor(material, COLOR_BASE, properties->color);
       lovrMaterialSetColor(material, COLOR_GLOW, properties->glow);
-      lovrMaterialSetQuad(material, properties->uvShift[0], properties->uvShift[1], properties->uvScale[0], properties->uvScale[1]);
+      lovrMaterialSetQuad(material, properties->quad[0], properties->quad[1], properties->quad[0], properties->quad[1]);
 
       uint32_t textures[] = {
         [TEXTURE_COLOR] = properties->texture,

From 532a3b255769338622cbd5232f1db9d435b097bf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: bjorn <mail@bjornbyt.es>
Date: Sat, 15 Aug 2026 15:20:44 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 5/7] Material:is/setDoubleSided and auto cull mode;

---
 src/api/l_data_modelData.c        |  2 ++
 src/api/l_graphics_material.c     | 16 ++++++++++++++++
 src/api/l_graphics_pass.c         |  6 ++++--
 src/modules/data/modelData.h      |  1 +
 src/modules/data/modelData_gltf.c |  2 ++
 src/modules/graphics/graphics.c   | 27 ++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 src/modules/graphics/graphics.h   |  5 ++++-
 7 files changed, 53 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/api/l_data_modelData.c b/src/api/l_data_modelData.c
index cb04603445..b1a3051c69 100644
--- a/src/api/l_data_modelData.c
+++ b/src/api/l_data_modelData.c
@@ -630,6 +630,8 @@ static int l_lovrModelDataGetMaterial(lua_State* L) {
   PUSH_IMAGE(occlusionTexture);
   PUSH_IMAGE(normalTexture);
 
+  lua_pushboolean(L, material->doubleSided), lua_setfield(L, -2, "doubleSided");
+
   return 1;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/api/l_graphics_material.c b/src/api/l_graphics_material.c
index 11acac4b9a..6fe009e6c3 100644
--- a/src/api/l_graphics_material.c
+++ b/src/api/l_graphics_material.c
@@ -92,6 +92,20 @@ static int l_lovrMaterialSetQuad(lua_State* L) {
   return 0;
 }
 
+static int l_lovrMaterialIsDoubleSided(lua_State* L) {
+  Material* material = luax_checktype(L, 1, Material);
+  bool doubleSided = lovrMaterialIsDoubleSided(material);
+  lua_pushboolean(L, doubleSided);
+  return 1;
+}
+
+static int l_lovrMaterialSetDoubleSided(lua_State* L) {
+  Material* material = luax_checktype(L, 1, Material);
+  bool doubleSided = lua_toboolean(L, 2);
+  lovrMaterialSetDoubleSided(material, doubleSided);
+  return 0;
+}
+
 // Deprecated
 static int l_lovrMaterialGetProperties(lua_State* L) {
   Material* material = luax_checktype(L, 1, Material);
@@ -170,6 +184,8 @@ const luaL_Reg lovrMaterial[] = {
   { "setTexture", l_lovrMaterialSetTexture },
   { "getQuad", l_lovrMaterialGetQuad },
   { "setQuad", l_lovrMaterialSetQuad },
+  { "isDoubleSided", l_lovrMaterialIsDoubleSided },
+  { "setDoubleSided", l_lovrMaterialSetDoubleSided },
 
   // Deprecated
   { "getProperties", l_lovrMaterialGetProperties },
diff --git a/src/api/l_graphics_pass.c b/src/api/l_graphics_pass.c
index b45a548e7e..7aa93d9976 100644
--- a/src/api/l_graphics_pass.c
+++ b/src/api/l_graphics_pass.c
@@ -617,10 +617,12 @@ static int l_lovrPassSetDepthClamp(lua_State* L) {
 static int l_lovrPassSetFaceCull(lua_State* L) {
   Pass* pass = luax_checktype(L, 1, Pass);
   CullMode mode;
-  if (lua_type(L, 2) == LUA_TBOOLEAN) {
+  if (lua_isnoneornil(L, 2)) {
+    mode = CULL_AUTO;
+  } else if (lua_type(L, 2) == LUA_TBOOLEAN) {
     mode = lua_toboolean(L, 2) ? CULL_BACK : CULL_NONE;
   } else {
-    mode = luax_checkenum(L, 2, CullMode, "none");
+    mode = luax_checkenum(L, 2, CullMode, NULL);
   }
   lovrPassSetFaceCull(pass, mode);
   return 0;
diff --git a/src/modules/data/modelData.h b/src/modules/data/modelData.h
index 7702cb03ac..8666b6f84a 100644
--- a/src/modules/data/modelData.h
+++ b/src/modules/data/modelData.h
@@ -92,6 +92,7 @@ typedef struct {
   uint32_t clearcoatTexture;
   uint32_t occlusionTexture;
   uint32_t normalTexture;
+  bool doubleSided;
   const char* name;
 } ModelMaterial;
 
diff --git a/src/modules/data/modelData_gltf.c b/src/modules/data/modelData_gltf.c
index d2ff85c6c1..b9a2c661d8 100644
--- a/src/modules/data/modelData_gltf.c
+++ b/src/modules/data/modelData_gltf.c
@@ -1049,6 +1049,8 @@ bool lovrModelDataInitGltf(ModelData** result, Blob* source, ModelDataIO* io) {
           material->glow[2] = NOM_FLOAT(json, token);
         } else if (STR_EQ(key, "alphaCutoff")) {
           material->alphaCutoff = NOM_FLOAT(json, token);
+        } else if (STR_EQ(key, "doubleSided")) {
+          material->doubleSided = NOM_BOOL(json, token);
         } else if (STR_EQ(key, "name")) {
           gltfString name = NOM_STR(json, token);
           meta->materialLookup[material - meta->materials] = (uint32_t) hash64(name.data, name.length);
diff --git a/src/modules/graphics/graphics.c b/src/modules/graphics/graphics.c
index 012496593f..1543f484ad 100644
--- a/src/modules/graphics/graphics.c
+++ b/src/modules/graphics/graphics.c
@@ -207,6 +207,7 @@ struct Material {
   uint32_t index;
   MaterialBlock* block;
   MaterialData data;
+  bool doubleSided;
   Texture* textures[TEXTURE_COUNT];
   gpu_binding bindings[1 + TEXTURE_COUNT];
   gpu_bundle* bundle;
@@ -453,6 +454,7 @@ typedef struct {
 typedef struct {
   bool dirty;
   bool viewCull;
+  CullMode faceCull;
   DrawMode mode;
   float color[4];
   Buffer* lastVertexBuffer;
@@ -4391,6 +4393,14 @@ bool lovrMaterialSetQuad(Material* material, float ox, float oy, float sx, float
   return true;
 }
 
+bool lovrMaterialIsDoubleSided(Material* material) {
+  return material->doubleSided;
+}
+
+void lovrMaterialSetDoubleSided(Material* material, bool doubleSided) {
+  material->doubleSided = doubleSided;
+}
+
 static bool lovrMaterialSetSDFRange(Material* material, float x, float y) {
   if (!lovrMaterialUpload(material)) return false;
   material->data.sdfRange[0] = x;
@@ -5467,7 +5477,8 @@ Model* lovrModelCreate(const ModelInfo* info) {
       lovrMaterialSetNumber(material, NUMBER_ALPHA_CUTOFF, properties->alphaCutoff);
       lovrMaterialSetColor(material, COLOR_BASE, properties->color);
       lovrMaterialSetColor(material, COLOR_GLOW, properties->glow);
-      lovrMaterialSetQuad(material, properties->quad[0], properties->quad[1], properties->quad[0], properties->quad[1]);
+      lovrMaterialSetQuad(material, properties->quad[0], properties->quad[1], properties->quad[2], properties->quad[3]);
+      lovrMaterialSetDoubleSided(material, properties->doubleSided);
 
       uint32_t textures[] = {
         [TEXTURE_COLOR] = properties->texture,
@@ -6827,6 +6838,7 @@ void lovrPassReset(Pass* pass) {
 
   pass->pipelineIndex = 0;
   memset(pass->pipeline, 0, sizeof(Pipeline));
+  pass->pipeline->faceCull = CULL_AUTO;
   pass->pipeline->mode = DRAW_TRIANGLES;
   pass->pipeline->lastVertexFormat = ~0u;
   pass->pipeline->color[0] = 1.f;
@@ -7430,8 +7442,11 @@ void lovrPassSetDepthClamp(Pass* pass, bool clamp) {
 }
 
 void lovrPassSetFaceCull(Pass* pass, CullMode mode) {
-  pass->pipeline->dirty |= pass->pipeline->info.rasterizer.cullMode != (gpu_cull_mode) mode;
-  pass->pipeline->info.rasterizer.cullMode = (gpu_cull_mode) mode;
+  if (mode != CULL_AUTO) {
+    pass->pipeline->dirty |= pass->pipeline->info.rasterizer.cullMode != (gpu_cull_mode) mode;
+    pass->pipeline->info.rasterizer.cullMode = (gpu_cull_mode) mode;
+  }
+  pass->pipeline->faceCull = mode;
 }
 
 void lovrPassSetFont(Pass* pass, Font* font) {
@@ -7845,6 +7860,12 @@ static void lovrPassResolvePipeline(Pass* pass, DrawInfo* info, Draw* draw, Draw
     pipeline->dirty = true;
   }
 
+  if (pipeline->faceCull == CULL_AUTO) {
+    gpu_cull_mode cullMode = draw->material->doubleSided ? GPU_CULL_NONE : GPU_CULL_BACK;
+    pipeline->dirty |= cullMode != pipeline->info.rasterizer.cullMode;
+    pipeline->info.rasterizer.cullMode = cullMode;
+  }
+
   // Vertex formats
   if (info->vertex.buffer && pipeline->lastVertexBuffer != info->vertex.buffer) {
     pipeline->lastVertexFormat = ~0u;
diff --git a/src/modules/graphics/graphics.h b/src/modules/graphics/graphics.h
index 2d3507480b..2ef05cc005 100644
--- a/src/modules/graphics/graphics.h
+++ b/src/modules/graphics/graphics.h
@@ -417,6 +417,8 @@ Texture* lovrMaterialGetTexture(Material* material, MaterialTexture key);
 bool lovrMaterialSetTexture(Material* material, MaterialTexture key, Texture* texture);
 void lovrMaterialGetQuad(Material* material, float* ox, float* oy, float* sx, float* sy);
 bool lovrMaterialSetQuad(Material* material, float ox, float oy, float sx, float sy);
+bool lovrMaterialIsDoubleSided(Material* material);
+void lovrMaterialSetDoubleSided(Material* material, bool doubleSided);
 
 // Font
 
@@ -675,7 +677,8 @@ typedef struct {
 typedef enum {
   CULL_NONE,
   CULL_FRONT,
-  CULL_BACK
+  CULL_BACK,
+  CULL_AUTO
 } CullMode;
 
 typedef enum {

From cc6506dfab1f18c2128b01be56f1734782ae7493 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: bjorn <mail@bjornbyt.es>
Date: Sat, 15 Aug 2026 17:52:11 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 6/7] Update changelog;

---
 CHANGES.md | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGES.md b/CHANGES.md
index 9051271da0..e95aa8377b 100644
--- a/CHANGES.md
+++ b/CHANGES.md
@@ -20,7 +20,9 @@ dev
 - Add `sleep` callback to `World:setCallbacks`.
 - Add `linearDamping` and `angularDamping` settings to `lovr.physics.newWorld`.
 - Add `lovr.headset.getHandPosition/Orientation/Pose`.
-- Add `Material:get/setNumber`, `Material:get/setColor`, `Material:get/setTexture`, and `Material:get/setQuad`.
+- Add `Material:get/setNumber`, `Material:get/setColor`, and `Material:get/setTexture`.
+- Add `Material:get/setQuad`.
+- Add `Material:is/setDoubleSided`.
 
 ### Change
 

From 7ce0fb2fbc42e9aade91810fafc50f94e3ef0936 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: bjorn <mail@bjornbyt.es>
Date: Fri, 21 Aug 2026 13:19:57 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 7/7] Disable culling by default;

---
 src/modules/graphics/graphics.c | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/modules/graphics/graphics.c b/src/modules/graphics/graphics.c
index 1543f484ad..4b73a6608c 100644
--- a/src/modules/graphics/graphics.c
+++ b/src/modules/graphics/graphics.c
@@ -6838,7 +6838,6 @@ void lovrPassReset(Pass* pass) {
 
   pass->pipelineIndex = 0;
   memset(pass->pipeline, 0, sizeof(Pipeline));
-  pass->pipeline->faceCull = CULL_AUTO;
   pass->pipeline->mode = DRAW_TRIANGLES;
   pass->pipeline->lastVertexFormat = ~0u;
   pass->pipeline->color[0] = 1.f;