diff --git a/include/xrpl/tx/Transactor.h b/include/xrpl/tx/Transactor.h
index 96ad7e00bc9..ef8a0537ed0 100644
--- a/include/xrpl/tx/Transactor.h
+++ b/include/xrpl/tx/Transactor.h
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 #include <xrpl/protocol/XRPAmount.h>
 #include <xrpl/tx/ApplyContext.h>
 #include <xrpl/tx/applySteps.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantEntry.h>
 #include <xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantRunner.h>
 
 #include <cstddef>
@@ -578,9 +579,9 @@ class Transactor : public TxInvariantCheck
      * ordering is enforced.
      */
     void
-    visitEntry(bool isDelete, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_ref after) final
+    visitEntry(InvariantEntry const& entry) final
     {
-        visitInvariantEntry(isDelete, before, after);
+        visitInvariantEntry(entry.isDelete(), entry.before(), entry.after());
     }
 
     [[nodiscard]] bool
diff --git a/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/AMMInvariant.h b/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/AMMInvariant.h
index 29d962fb79d..63a98783a29 100644
--- a/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/AMMInvariant.h
+++ b/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/AMMInvariant.h
@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@
 #include <xrpl/ledger/ReadView.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/AccountID.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/STAmount.h>
-#include <xrpl/protocol/STLedgerEntry.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/STTx.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/TER.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/XRPAmount.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantEntry.h>
 
 #include <optional>
 
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class ValidAMM
 
     ValidAMM() = default;
     void
-    visitEntry(bool, SLE::const_ref, SLE::const_ref);
+    visitEntry(InvariantEntry const&);
 
     bool
     finalize(STTx const&, TER const, XRPAmount const, ReadView const&, beast::Journal const&);
diff --git a/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/DirectoryInvariant.h b/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/DirectoryInvariant.h
index d18ac539cc0..3386ce3f6f2 100644
--- a/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/DirectoryInvariant.h
+++ b/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/DirectoryInvariant.h
@@ -4,12 +4,10 @@
 #include <xrpl/basics/base_uint.h>
 #include <xrpl/beast/utility/Journal.h>
 #include <xrpl/ledger/ReadView.h>
-#include <xrpl/protocol/STLedgerEntry.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/STTx.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/TER.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/XRPAmount.h>
-
-#include <memory>
+#include <xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantEntry.h>
 
 namespace xrpl {
 
@@ -20,7 +18,7 @@ class ValidBookDirectory
 
 public:
     void
-    visitEntry(bool, std::shared_ptr<SLE const> const&, std::shared_ptr<SLE const> const&);
+    visitEntry(InvariantEntry const&);
 
     bool
     finalize(STTx const&, TER const, XRPAmount const, ReadView const&, beast::Journal const&);
diff --git a/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/FreezeInvariant.h b/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/FreezeInvariant.h
index 301e464daf7..a2fccbbc3f7 100644
--- a/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/FreezeInvariant.h
+++ b/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/FreezeInvariant.h
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #include <xrpl/protocol/STTx.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/TER.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/XRPAmount.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantEntry.h>
 
 #include <map>
 #include <optional>
@@ -44,7 +45,7 @@ class TransfersNotFrozen
 
 public:
     void
-    visitEntry(bool, SLE::const_ref, SLE::const_ref);
+    visitEntry(InvariantEntry const&);
 
     bool
     finalize(STTx const&, TER const, XRPAmount const, ReadView const&, beast::Journal const&);
diff --git a/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantCheck.h b/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantCheck.h
index e8dafbd3017..6a183b2db2e 100644
--- a/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantCheck.h
+++ b/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantCheck.h
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include <xrpl/tx/invariants/AMMInvariant.h>
 #include <xrpl/tx/invariants/DirectoryInvariant.h>
 #include <xrpl/tx/invariants/FreezeInvariant.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantEntry.h>
 #include <xrpl/tx/invariants/LoanBrokerInvariant.h>
 #include <xrpl/tx/invariants/LoanInvariant.h>
 #include <xrpl/tx/invariants/MPTInvariant.h>
@@ -71,21 +72,13 @@ class InvariantChecker_PROTOTYPE
     /**
      * @brief called for each ledger entry in the current transaction.
      *
-     * @param isDelete true if the SLE is being deleted.
-     * @param before ledger entry before modification by the transaction. `before` will be null if
-     *  the entry is new.
-     * @param after ledger entry after modification by the transaction. Always non-null. When
-     *  deleting, `after` may differ from `before`. Whether that is important is up to the
-     *  individual invariant check.
+     * @param entry validated, non-owning view of the modified ledger entry.
      *
-     * @note `after` IS NEVER NULL. `isDelete` is the only correct way to check for deletions.
-     *  Do not make logic or branching decisions on whether on `after` is set, because it will
-     *  always be set. Treat a null `after` as a programming error (with XRPL_ASSERT). An
-     *  invariant MAY check for null defensively, if it makes more sense, but an assertion is
-     *  preferred for new invariants.
+     * @note `entry.after()` IS NEVER NULL. `entry.isDelete()` is the only
+     * correct way to check for deletions.
      */
     void
-    visitEntry(bool isDelete, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_ref after);
+    visitEntry(InvariantEntry const& entry);
 
     /**
      * @brief called after all ledger entries have been visited to determine
@@ -123,7 +116,7 @@ class TransactionFeeCheck
 {
 public:
     void
-    visitEntry(bool, SLE::const_ref, SLE::const_ref);
+    visitEntry(InvariantEntry const&);
 
     static bool
     finalize(STTx const&, TER const, XRPAmount const, ReadView const&, beast::Journal const&);
@@ -143,7 +136,7 @@ class XRPNotCreated
 
 public:
     void
-    visitEntry(bool, SLE::const_ref, SLE::const_ref);
+    visitEntry(InvariantEntry const&);
 
     [[nodiscard]] bool
     finalize(STTx const&, TER const, XRPAmount const, ReadView const&, beast::Journal const&) const;
@@ -163,7 +156,7 @@ class AccountRootsNotDeleted
 
 public:
     void
-    visitEntry(bool, SLE::const_ref, SLE::const_ref);
+    visitEntry(InvariantEntry const&);
 
     [[nodiscard]] bool
     finalize(STTx const&, TER const, XRPAmount const, ReadView const&, beast::Journal const&) const;
@@ -190,7 +183,7 @@ class AccountRootsDeletedClean
 
 public:
     void
-    visitEntry(bool, SLE::const_ref, SLE::const_ref);
+    visitEntry(InvariantEntry const&);
 
     bool
     finalize(STTx const&, TER const, XRPAmount const, ReadView const&, beast::Journal const&);
@@ -209,7 +202,7 @@ class XRPBalanceChecks
 
 public:
     void
-    visitEntry(bool, SLE::const_ref, SLE::const_ref);
+    visitEntry(InvariantEntry const&);
 
     [[nodiscard]] bool
     finalize(STTx const&, TER const, XRPAmount const, ReadView const&, beast::Journal const&) const;
@@ -226,7 +219,7 @@ class LedgerEntryTypesMatch
 
 public:
     void
-    visitEntry(bool, SLE::const_ref, SLE::const_ref);
+    visitEntry(InvariantEntry const&);
 
     [[nodiscard]] bool
     finalize(STTx const&, TER const, XRPAmount const, ReadView const&, beast::Journal const&) const;
@@ -244,7 +237,7 @@ class NoXRPTrustLines
 
 public:
     void
-    visitEntry(bool, SLE::const_ref, SLE::const_ref);
+    visitEntry(InvariantEntry const&);
 
     [[nodiscard]] bool
     finalize(STTx const&, TER const, XRPAmount const, ReadView const&, beast::Journal const&) const;
@@ -263,7 +256,7 @@ class NoDeepFreezeTrustLinesWithoutFreeze
 
 public:
     void
-    visitEntry(bool, SLE::const_ref, SLE::const_ref);
+    visitEntry(InvariantEntry const&);
 
     [[nodiscard]] bool
     finalize(STTx const&, TER const, XRPAmount const, ReadView const&, beast::Journal const&) const;
@@ -282,7 +275,7 @@ class NoBadOffers
 
 public:
     void
-    visitEntry(bool, SLE::const_ref, SLE::const_ref);
+    visitEntry(InvariantEntry const&);
 
     [[nodiscard]] bool
     finalize(STTx const&, TER const, XRPAmount const, ReadView const&, beast::Journal const&) const;
@@ -298,7 +291,7 @@ class NoZeroEscrow
 
 public:
     void
-    visitEntry(bool, SLE::const_ref, SLE::const_ref);
+    visitEntry(InvariantEntry const&);
 
     [[nodiscard]] bool
     finalize(STTx const&, TER const, XRPAmount const, ReadView const&, beast::Journal const&) const;
@@ -318,7 +311,7 @@ class ValidNewAccountRoot
 
 public:
     void
-    visitEntry(bool, SLE::const_ref, SLE::const_ref);
+    visitEntry(InvariantEntry const&);
 
     [[nodiscard]] bool
     finalize(STTx const&, TER const, XRPAmount const, ReadView const&, beast::Journal const&) const;
@@ -348,7 +341,7 @@ class ValidClawback
 
 public:
     void
-    visitEntry(bool, SLE::const_ref, SLE::const_ref);
+    visitEntry(InvariantEntry const&);
 
     [[nodiscard]] bool
     finalize(STTx const&, TER const, XRPAmount const, ReadView const&, beast::Journal const&) const;
@@ -368,7 +361,7 @@ class ValidPseudoAccounts
 
 public:
     void
-    visitEntry(bool, SLE::const_ref, SLE::const_ref);
+    visitEntry(InvariantEntry const&);
 
     bool
     finalize(STTx const&, TER const, XRPAmount const, ReadView const&, beast::Journal const&);
@@ -388,7 +381,7 @@ class NoModifiedUnmodifiableFields
 
 public:
     void
-    visitEntry(bool, SLE::const_ref, SLE::const_ref);
+    visitEntry(InvariantEntry const&);
 
     bool
     finalize(STTx const&, TER const, XRPAmount const, ReadView const&, beast::Journal const&);
@@ -404,7 +397,7 @@ class ValidAmounts
 
 public:
     void
-    visitEntry(bool, SLE::const_ref, SLE::const_ref);
+    visitEntry(InvariantEntry const&);
 
     [[nodiscard]] bool
     finalize(STTx const&, TER const, XRPAmount const, ReadView const&, beast::Journal const&) const;
@@ -421,7 +414,7 @@ class ObjectHasPseudoAccount
 {
 public:
     void
-    visitEntry(bool, SLE::const_ref, SLE::const_ref);
+    visitEntry(InvariantEntry const&);
 
     [[nodiscard]] bool
     finalize(STTx const&, TER const, XRPAmount const, ReadView const&, beast::Journal const&) const;
diff --git a/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantEntry.h b/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantEntry.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1d3b3c73956
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantEntry.h
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <xrpl/basics/contract.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/STLedgerEntry.h>
+
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <utility>
+
+namespace xrpl {
+
+/**
+ * A validated ledger entry visited by invariants.
+ */
+class InvariantEntry
+{
+    bool isDelete_;
+    SLE::const_pointer before_;
+    SLE::const_pointer after_;
+
+public:
+    InvariantEntry(bool isDelete, SLE::const_pointer before, SLE::const_pointer after)
+        : isDelete_(isDelete), before_(std::move(before)), after_(std::move(after))
+    {
+        if (after_ == nullptr)
+            Throw<std::logic_error>("InvariantEntry: after is never null");
+        if (isDelete_ && before_ == nullptr)
+            Throw<std::logic_error>("InvariantEntry: deleted entry missing before state");
+    }
+
+    InvariantEntry(InvariantEntry const&) = delete;
+    InvariantEntry&
+    operator=(InvariantEntry const&) = delete;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] bool
+    isDelete() const
+    {
+        return isDelete_;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] SLE::const_ref
+    before() const
+    {
+        return before_;
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] SLE::const_ref
+    after() const
+    {
+        return after_;
+    }
+};
+
+}  // namespace xrpl
diff --git a/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantRunner.h b/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantRunner.h
index 29a9dc09b26..8489b640ed2 100644
--- a/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantRunner.h
+++ b/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantRunner.h
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
 
 #include <xrpl/beast/utility/Journal.h>
 #include <xrpl/ledger/ReadView.h>
-#include <xrpl/protocol/STLedgerEntry.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/STTx.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/TER.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/XRPAmount.h>
 #include <xrpl/tx/ApplyContext.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantEntry.h>
 
 #include <functional>
 #include <optional>
@@ -66,16 +66,10 @@ class TxInvariantCheck
     /**
      * @brief Called for each ledger entry modified by the transaction.
      *
-     * @param isDelete true if the SLE is being deleted.
-     * @param before   the entry's state before the transaction (nullptr for
-     *                 newly created entries).
-     * @param after    the entry's state after the transaction.  For deletions
-     *                 this is the SLE being erased; use @p isDelete rather than
-     *                 a null @p after to detect deletions.  @p after is
-     *                 never null.
+     * @param entry a validated, non-owning view of the modified entry.
      */
     virtual void
-    visitEntry(bool isDelete, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_ref after) = 0;
+    visitEntry(InvariantEntry const& entry) = 0;
 
     /**
      * @brief Called after all entries have been visited.
diff --git a/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/LoanBrokerInvariant.h b/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/LoanBrokerInvariant.h
index 979f57de350..a7bc2e5a513 100644
--- a/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/LoanBrokerInvariant.h
+++ b/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/LoanBrokerInvariant.h
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #include <xrpl/protocol/STTx.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/TER.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/XRPAmount.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantEntry.h>
 
 #include <map>
 #include <vector>
@@ -48,7 +49,7 @@ class ValidLoanBroker
 
 public:
     void
-    visitEntry(bool, SLE::const_ref, SLE::const_ref);
+    visitEntry(InvariantEntry const&);
 
     bool
     finalize(STTx const&, TER const, XRPAmount const, ReadView const&, beast::Journal const&);
diff --git a/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/LoanInvariant.h b/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/LoanInvariant.h
index fc72b8d4205..83cee641b8f 100644
--- a/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/LoanInvariant.h
+++ b/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/LoanInvariant.h
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 #include <xrpl/protocol/STTx.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/TER.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/XRPAmount.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantEntry.h>
 
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ class ValidLoan
 
 public:
     void
-    visitEntry(bool, SLE::const_ref, SLE::const_ref);
+    visitEntry(InvariantEntry const&);
 
     bool
     finalize(STTx const&, TER const, XRPAmount const, ReadView const&, beast::Journal const&);
diff --git a/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/MPTInvariant.h b/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/MPTInvariant.h
index 5740cd5be26..5f2cf378aeb 100644
--- a/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/MPTInvariant.h
+++ b/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/MPTInvariant.h
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #include <xrpl/protocol/TER.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/UintTypes.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/XRPAmount.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantEntry.h>
 
 #include <array>
 #include <cstdint>
@@ -54,12 +55,10 @@ class ValidMPTIssuance
      * @brief Track MPT issuance and holding creations, deletions, and
      * mutations.
      *
-     * @param isDelete Whether the ledger entry is being deleted.
-     * @param before The ledger entry before transaction application.
-     * @param after The ledger entry after transaction application.
+     * @param entry The ledger entry change being checked.
      */
     void
-    visitEntry(bool isDelete, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_ref after);
+    visitEntry(InvariantEntry const& entry);
 
     /**
      * @brief Verify MPT issuance invariants after transaction application.
@@ -106,12 +105,10 @@ class ValidMPTBalanceChanges
     /**
      * @brief Track MPT amount and outstanding amount changes.
      *
-     * @param isDelete Whether the ledger entry is being deleted.
-     * @param before The ledger entry before transaction application.
-     * @param after The ledger entry after transaction application.
+     * @param entry The ledger entry change being checked.
      */
     void
-    visitEntry(bool isDelete, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_ref after);
+    visitEntry(InvariantEntry const& entry);
 
     /**
      * @brief Verify public MPT payment accounting invariants.
@@ -173,15 +170,10 @@ class ValidConfidentialMPToken
     /**
      * @brief Track confidential MPT balance, issuance, and version changes.
      *
-     * @param isDelete Whether the ledger entry is being deleted.
-     * @param before The ledger entry before transaction application.
-     * @param after The ledger entry after transaction application.
+     * @param entry The ledger entry change being checked.
      */
     void
-    visitEntry(
-        bool isDelete,
-        std::shared_ptr<SLE const> const& before,
-        std::shared_ptr<SLE const> const& after);
+    visitEntry(InvariantEntry const& entry);
 
     /**
      * @brief Verify confidential MPT accounting and encrypted-field
@@ -220,15 +212,10 @@ class ValidMPTTransfer
     /**
      * @brief Track MPT balance changes and deleted authorization state.
      *
-     * @param isDelete Whether the ledger entry is being deleted.
-     * @param before The ledger entry before transaction application.
-     * @param after The ledger entry after transaction application.
+     * @param entry The ledger entry change being checked.
      */
     void
-    visitEntry(
-        bool isDelete,
-        std::shared_ptr<SLE const> const& before,
-        std::shared_ptr<SLE const> const& after);
+    visitEntry(InvariantEntry const& entry);
 
     /**
      * @brief Verify MPT transfer authorization invariants.
diff --git a/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/NFTInvariant.h b/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/NFTInvariant.h
index 11bdf5a5690..f52a79661c4 100644
--- a/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/NFTInvariant.h
+++ b/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/NFTInvariant.h
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 
 #include <xrpl/beast/utility/Journal.h>
 #include <xrpl/ledger/ReadView.h>
-#include <xrpl/protocol/STLedgerEntry.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/STTx.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/TER.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/XRPAmount.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantEntry.h>
 
 #include <cstdint>
 
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class ValidNFTokenPage
 
 public:
     void
-    visitEntry(bool, SLE::const_ref, SLE::const_ref);
+    visitEntry(InvariantEntry const&);
 
     [[nodiscard]] bool
     finalize(STTx const&, TER const, XRPAmount const, ReadView const&, beast::Journal const&) const;
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class NFTokenCountTracking
 
 public:
     void
-    visitEntry(bool, SLE::const_ref, SLE::const_ref);
+    visitEntry(InvariantEntry const&);
 
     [[nodiscard]] bool
     finalize(STTx const&, TER const, XRPAmount const, ReadView const&, beast::Journal const&) const;
diff --git a/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/PermissionedDEXInvariant.h b/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/PermissionedDEXInvariant.h
index ae0d5733855..a189ae5f530 100644
--- a/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/PermissionedDEXInvariant.h
+++ b/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/PermissionedDEXInvariant.h
@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@
 #include <xrpl/basics/base_uint.h>
 #include <xrpl/beast/utility/Journal.h>
 #include <xrpl/ledger/ReadView.h>
-#include <xrpl/protocol/STLedgerEntry.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/STTx.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/TER.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/XRPAmount.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantEntry.h>
 
 namespace xrpl {
 
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class ValidPermissionedDEX
 
 public:
     void
-    visitEntry(bool, SLE::const_ref, SLE::const_ref);
+    visitEntry(InvariantEntry const&);
 
     bool
     finalize(STTx const&, TER const, XRPAmount const, ReadView const&, beast::Journal const&);
diff --git a/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/PermissionedDomainInvariant.h b/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/PermissionedDomainInvariant.h
index fae7c24d257..3a9a047d8f6 100644
--- a/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/PermissionedDomainInvariant.h
+++ b/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/PermissionedDomainInvariant.h
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 
 #include <xrpl/beast/utility/Journal.h>
 #include <xrpl/ledger/ReadView.h>
-#include <xrpl/protocol/STLedgerEntry.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/STTx.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/TER.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/XRPAmount.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantEntry.h>
 
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <vector>
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class ValidPermissionedDomain
 
 public:
     void
-    visitEntry(bool, SLE::const_ref, SLE::const_ref);
+    visitEntry(InvariantEntry const&);
 
     bool
     finalize(STTx const&, TER const, XRPAmount const, ReadView const&, beast::Journal const&);
diff --git a/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/SponsorshipInvariant.h b/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/SponsorshipInvariant.h
index e664685c16e..9e2c6916819 100644
--- a/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/SponsorshipInvariant.h
+++ b/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/SponsorshipInvariant.h
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 
 #include <xrpl/beast/utility/Journal.h>
 #include <xrpl/ledger/ReadView.h>
-#include <xrpl/protocol/STLedgerEntry.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/STTx.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/TER.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/XRPAmount.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantEntry.h>
 
 #include <cstdint>
 
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class SponsorshipOwnerCountsMatch
 
 public:
     void
-    visitEntry(bool, SLE::const_ref, SLE::const_ref);
+    visitEntry(InvariantEntry const&);
 
     [[nodiscard]] bool
     finalize(STTx const&, TER const, XRPAmount const, ReadView const&, beast::Journal const&) const;
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class SponsorshipAccountCountMatchesField
 
 public:
     void
-    visitEntry(bool, SLE::const_ref, SLE::const_ref);
+    visitEntry(InvariantEntry const&);
 
     [[nodiscard]] bool
     finalize(STTx const&, TER const, XRPAmount const, ReadView const&, beast::Journal const&) const;
diff --git a/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/VaultInvariant.h b/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/VaultInvariant.h
index 2ba42f0ab4a..e8934304171 100644
--- a/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/VaultInvariant.h
+++ b/include/xrpl/tx/invariants/VaultInvariant.h
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 #include <xrpl/protocol/STTx.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/TER.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/XRPAmount.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantEntry.h>
 
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <optional>
@@ -183,7 +184,7 @@ class ValidVault
     computeCoarsestScale(std::vector<DeltaInfo> const& numbers);
 
     void
-    visitEntry(bool, SLE::const_ref, SLE::const_ref);
+    visitEntry(InvariantEntry const&);
 
     bool
     finalize(STTx const&, TER const, XRPAmount const, ReadView const&, beast::Journal const&);
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/AMMInvariant.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/AMMInvariant.cpp
index cca0ce149c2..b4267610cad 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/AMMInvariant.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/AMMInvariant.cpp
@@ -18,14 +18,19 @@
 #include <xrpl/protocol/TER.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/TxFormats.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/XRPAmount.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantEntry.h>
 
 #include <string>
 
 namespace xrpl {
 
 void
-ValidAMM::visitEntry(bool isDelete, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_ref after)
+ValidAMM::visitEntry(InvariantEntry const& entry)
 {
+    auto const isDelete = entry.isDelete();
+    auto const& before = entry.before();
+    auto const& after = entry.after();
+
     if (isDelete)
     {
         if (before && before->getType() == ltAMM)
@@ -36,23 +41,20 @@ ValidAMM::visitEntry(bool isDelete, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_ref after)
         return;
     }
 
-    if (after)
+    auto const type = after->getType();
+    // AMM object changed
+    if (type == ltAMM)
     {
-        auto const type = after->getType();
-        // AMM object changed
-        if (type == ltAMM)
-        {
-            ammAccount_ = after->getAccountID(sfAccount);
-            lptAMMBalanceAfter_ = after->getFieldAmount(sfLPTokenBalance);
-        }
-        // AMM pool changed
-        else if (
-            (type == ltRIPPLE_STATE && after->isFlag(lsfAMMNode)) ||
-            (type == ltACCOUNT_ROOT && after->isFieldPresent(sfAMMID)) ||
-            (type == ltMPTOKEN && after->isFlag(lsfMPTAMM)))
-        {
-            ammPoolChanged_ = true;
-        }
+        ammAccount_ = after->getAccountID(sfAccount);
+        lptAMMBalanceAfter_ = after->getFieldAmount(sfLPTokenBalance);
+    }
+    // AMM pool changed
+    else if (
+        (type == ltRIPPLE_STATE && after->isFlag(lsfAMMNode)) ||
+        (type == ltACCOUNT_ROOT && after->isFieldPresent(sfAMMID)) ||
+        (type == ltMPTOKEN && after->isFlag(lsfMPTAMM)))
+    {
+        ammPoolChanged_ = true;
     }
 
     if (before)
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/DirectoryInvariant.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/DirectoryInvariant.cpp
index b850f02ab57..be35cffd708 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/DirectoryInvariant.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/DirectoryInvariant.cpp
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@
 #include <xrpl/protocol/STTx.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/TER.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/XRPAmount.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantEntry.h>
 
 #include <algorithm>
-#include <memory>
 
 namespace xrpl {
 
@@ -41,19 +41,19 @@ badExchangeRate(SLE const& dir)
 }  // namespace
 
 void
-ValidBookDirectory::visitEntry(
-    bool isDelete,
-    std::shared_ptr<SLE const> const& before,
-    std::shared_ptr<SLE const> const& after)
+ValidBookDirectory::visitEntry(InvariantEntry const& entry)
 {
+    auto const isDelete = entry.isDelete();
+    auto const& before = entry.before();
+    auto const& after = entry.after();
+
     // New root directories must have matching exchange-rate metadata. New
     // child directories, and modified directories that change sfRootIndex, must
     // point to an existing root.
 
     // Only validate newly-created directories and sfRootIndex changes;
-    // LedgerStateFix handles legacy bad exchange-rate metadata. Skip deletions
-    // because `after` is not guaranteed to be null.
-    if (badBookDirectory_ || isDelete || !after || after->getType() != ltDIR_NODE)
+    // LedgerStateFix handles legacy bad exchange-rate metadata. Skip deletions.
+    if (badBookDirectory_ || isDelete || after->getType() != ltDIR_NODE)
         return;
 
     auto const rootIndex = after->getFieldH256(sfRootIndex);
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/FreezeInvariant.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/FreezeInvariant.cpp
index 272e52f09a7..7dc77d2441c 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/FreezeInvariant.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/FreezeInvariant.cpp
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #include <xrpl/protocol/TER.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/XRPAmount.h>
 #include <xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantCheckPrivilege.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantEntry.h>
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <optional>
@@ -25,8 +26,12 @@
 namespace xrpl {
 
 void
-TransfersNotFrozen::visitEntry(bool isDelete, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_ref after)
+TransfersNotFrozen::visitEntry(InvariantEntry const& entry)
 {
+    auto const isDelete = entry.isDelete();
+    auto const& before = entry.before();
+    auto const& after = entry.after();
+
     /*
      * A trust line freeze state alone doesn't determine if a transfer is
      * frozen. The transfer must be examined "end-to-end" because both sides of
@@ -116,13 +121,6 @@ TransfersNotFrozen::finalize(
 bool
 TransfersNotFrozen::isValidEntry(SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_ref after)
 {
-    // `after` can never be null, even if the trust line is deleted.
-    XRPL_ASSERT(after, "xrpl::TransfersNotFrozen::isValidEntry : valid after.");
-    if (!after)
-    {
-        return false;
-    }
-
     if (after->getType() == ltACCOUNT_ROOT)
     {
         possibleIssuers_.emplace(after->at(sfAccount), after);
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantCheck.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantCheck.cpp
index aa4df8db42a..1a6272da9a4 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantCheck.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantCheck.cpp
@@ -29,11 +29,11 @@
 #include <xrpl/protocol/UintTypes.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/XRPAmount.h>
 #include <xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantCheckPrivilege.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantEntry.h>
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <functional>
-#include <memory>
 #include <optional>
 #include <sstream>
 #include <string>
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ ledgerEntryTypeName(SLE const& sle)
 }
 
 void
-TransactionFeeCheck::visitEntry(bool, SLE::const_ref, SLE::const_ref)
+TransactionFeeCheck::visitEntry(InvariantEntry const&)
 {
     // nothing to do
 }
@@ -131,8 +131,12 @@ TransactionFeeCheck::finalize(
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 void
-XRPNotCreated::visitEntry(bool isDelete, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_ref after)
+XRPNotCreated::visitEntry(InvariantEntry const& entry)
 {
+    auto const isDelete = entry.isDelete();
+    auto const& before = entry.before();
+    auto const& after = entry.after();
+
     /* We go through all modified ledger entries, looking only at account roots,
      * escrow payments, and payment channels. We remove from the total any
      * previous XRP values and add to the total any new XRP values. The net
@@ -168,13 +172,6 @@ XRPNotCreated::visitEntry(bool isDelete, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_ref a
         }
     }
 
-    if (!after)
-    {
-        // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        UNREACHABLE("xrpl::XRPNotCreated::visitEntry : after can't be null");
-        return;
-        // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
-    }
     switch (after->getType())
     {
         case ltACCOUNT_ROOT:
@@ -232,8 +229,11 @@ XRPNotCreated::finalize(
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 void
-XRPBalanceChecks::visitEntry(bool, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_ref after)
+XRPBalanceChecks::visitEntry(InvariantEntry const& entry)
 {
+    auto const& before = entry.before();
+    auto const& after = entry.after();
+
     auto isBad = [](STAmount const& balance) {
         if (!balance.native())
             return true;
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ XRPBalanceChecks::visitEntry(bool, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_ref after)
     if (before && before->getType() == ltACCOUNT_ROOT)
         bad_ |= isBad((*before)[sfBalance]);
 
-    if (after && after->getType() == ltACCOUNT_ROOT)
+    if (after->getType() == ltACCOUNT_ROOT)
         bad_ |= isBad((*after)[sfBalance]);
 }
 
@@ -279,8 +279,11 @@ XRPBalanceChecks::finalize(
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 void
-NoBadOffers::visitEntry(bool isDelete, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_ref after)
+NoBadOffers::visitEntry(InvariantEntry const& entry)
 {
+    auto const& before = entry.before();
+    auto const& after = entry.after();
+
     auto isBad = [](STAmount const& pays, STAmount const& gets) {
         // An offer should never be negative
         if (pays < beast::kZero)
@@ -296,7 +299,7 @@ NoBadOffers::visitEntry(bool isDelete, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_ref aft
     if (before && before->getType() == ltOFFER)
         bad_ |= isBad((*before)[sfTakerPays], (*before)[sfTakerGets]);
 
-    if (after && after->getType() == ltOFFER)
+    if (after->getType() == ltOFFER)
         bad_ |= isBad((*after)[sfTakerPays], (*after)[sfTakerGets]);
 }
 
@@ -320,8 +323,11 @@ NoBadOffers::finalize(
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 void
-NoZeroEscrow::visitEntry(bool isDelete, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_ref after)
+NoZeroEscrow::visitEntry(InvariantEntry const& entry)
 {
+    auto const& before = entry.before();
+    auto const& after = entry.after();
+
     auto isBad = [](STAmount const& amount) {
         // XRP case
         if (amount.native())
@@ -364,7 +370,7 @@ NoZeroEscrow::visitEntry(bool isDelete, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_ref af
     if (before && before->getType() == ltESCROW)
         bad_ |= isBad((*before)[sfAmount]);
 
-    if (after && after->getType() == ltESCROW)
+    if (after->getType() == ltESCROW)
         bad_ |= isBad((*after)[sfAmount]);
 
     auto checkAmount = [this](std::int64_t amount) {
@@ -374,7 +380,7 @@ NoZeroEscrow::visitEntry(bool isDelete, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_ref af
 
     bool const overwriteFixEnabled = isFeatureEnabled(fixCleanup3_1_3, true);
 
-    if (after && after->getType() == ltMPTOKEN_ISSUANCE)
+    if (after->getType() == ltMPTOKEN_ISSUANCE)
     {
         auto const outstanding = (*after)[sfOutstandingAmount];
         checkAmount(outstanding);
@@ -393,7 +399,7 @@ NoZeroEscrow::visitEntry(bool isDelete, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_ref af
         }
     }
 
-    if (after && after->getType() == ltMPTOKEN)
+    if (after->getType() == ltMPTOKEN)
     {
         auto const mptAmount = (*after)[sfMPTAmount];
         checkAmount(mptAmount);
@@ -424,8 +430,11 @@ NoZeroEscrow::finalize(
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 void
-AccountRootsNotDeleted::visitEntry(bool isDelete, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_ref)
+AccountRootsNotDeleted::visitEntry(InvariantEntry const& entry)
 {
+    auto const isDelete = entry.isDelete();
+    auto const& before = entry.before();
+
     if (isDelete && before && before->getType() == ltACCOUNT_ROOT)
         accountsDeleted_++;
 }
@@ -476,8 +485,12 @@ AccountRootsNotDeleted::finalize(
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 void
-AccountRootsDeletedClean::visitEntry(bool isDelete, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_ref after)
+AccountRootsDeletedClean::visitEntry(InvariantEntry const& entry)
 {
+    auto const isDelete = entry.isDelete();
+    auto const& before = entry.before();
+    auto const& after = entry.after();
+
     if (isDelete && before && before->getType() == ltACCOUNT_ROOT)
         accountsDeleted_.emplace_back(before, after);
 }
@@ -599,31 +612,31 @@ AccountRootsDeletedClean::finalize(
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 void
-LedgerEntryTypesMatch::visitEntry(bool, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_ref after)
+LedgerEntryTypesMatch::visitEntry(InvariantEntry const& entry)
 {
-    if (before && after && before->getType() != after->getType())
+    auto const& before = entry.before();
+    auto const& after = entry.after();
+
+    if (before && before->getType() != after->getType())
         typeMismatch_ = true;
 
-    if (after)
-    {
 #pragma push_macro("LEDGER_ENTRY")
 #undef LEDGER_ENTRY
 
 #define LEDGER_ENTRY(tag, ...) case tag:
 
-        switch (after->getType())
-        {
+    switch (after->getType())
+    {
 #include <xrpl/protocol/detail/ledger_entries.macro>
 
+        break;
+        default:
+            invalidTypeAdded_ = true;
             break;
-            default:
-                invalidTypeAdded_ = true;
-                break;
-        }
+    }
 
 #undef LEDGER_ENTRY
 #pragma pop_macro("LEDGER_ENTRY")
-    }
 }
 
 bool
@@ -653,11 +666,13 @@ LedgerEntryTypesMatch::finalize(
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 void
-NoXRPTrustLines::visitEntry(bool, SLE::const_ref, SLE::const_ref after)
+NoXRPTrustLines::visitEntry(InvariantEntry const& entry)
 {
+    auto const& after = entry.after();
+
     bool const overwriteFixEnabled = isFeatureEnabled(fixCleanup3_1_3, true);
 
-    if (after && after->getType() == ltRIPPLE_STATE)
+    if (after->getType() == ltRIPPLE_STATE)
     {
         // checking the issue directly here instead of
         // relying on .native() just in case native somehow
@@ -693,9 +708,11 @@ NoXRPTrustLines::finalize(
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 void
-NoDeepFreezeTrustLinesWithoutFreeze::visitEntry(bool, SLE::const_ref, SLE::const_ref after)
+NoDeepFreezeTrustLinesWithoutFreeze::visitEntry(InvariantEntry const& entry)
 {
-    if (after && after->getType() == ltRIPPLE_STATE)
+    auto const& after = entry.after();
+
+    if (after->getType() == ltRIPPLE_STATE)
     {
         bool const overwriteFixEnabled = isFeatureEnabled(fixCleanup3_1_3, true);
 
@@ -736,8 +753,11 @@ NoDeepFreezeTrustLinesWithoutFreeze::finalize(
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 void
-ValidNewAccountRoot::visitEntry(bool, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_ref after)
+ValidNewAccountRoot::visitEntry(InvariantEntry const& entry)
 {
+    auto const& before = entry.before();
+    auto const& after = entry.after();
+
     if (!before && after->getType() == ltACCOUNT_ROOT)
     {
         accountsCreated_++;
@@ -834,15 +854,19 @@ clawbackTrustLineBalanceInHolderTerms(
 }
 
 void
-ValidClawback::visitEntry(bool isDelete, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_ref after)
+ValidClawback::visitEntry(InvariantEntry const& entry)
 {
+    auto const isDelete = entry.isDelete();
+    auto const& before = entry.before();
+    auto const& after = entry.after();
+
     if (before && before->getType() == ltRIPPLE_STATE)
     {
         trustlinesChanged_++;
         iou_.before = before;
     }
 
-    if (!isDelete && after && after->getType() == ltRIPPLE_STATE)
+    if (!isDelete && after->getType() == ltRIPPLE_STATE)
         iou_.after = after;
 
     if (before && before->getType() == ltMPTOKEN)
@@ -851,7 +875,7 @@ ValidClawback::visitEntry(bool isDelete, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_ref a
         mpt_.before = before;
     }
 
-    if (!isDelete && after && after->getType() == ltMPTOKEN)
+    if (!isDelete && after->getType() == ltMPTOKEN)
         mpt_.after = after;
 }
 
@@ -1009,15 +1033,19 @@ ValidClawback::finalize(
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 void
-ValidPseudoAccounts::visitEntry(bool isDelete, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_ref after)
+ValidPseudoAccounts::visitEntry(InvariantEntry const& entry)
 {
+    auto const isDelete = entry.isDelete();
+    auto const& before = entry.before();
+    auto const& after = entry.after();
+
     if (isDelete)
     {
         // Deletion is ignored
         return;
     }
 
-    if (after && after->getType() == ltACCOUNT_ROOT)
+    if (after->getType() == ltACCOUNT_ROOT)
     {
         bool const isPseudo = [&]() {
             // isPseudoAccount checks that any of the pseudo-account fields are
@@ -1104,8 +1132,12 @@ ValidPseudoAccounts::finalize(
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 void
-NoModifiedUnmodifiableFields::visitEntry(bool isDelete, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_ref after)
+NoModifiedUnmodifiableFields::visitEntry(InvariantEntry const& entry)
 {
+    auto const isDelete = entry.isDelete();
+    auto const& before = entry.before();
+    auto const& after = entry.after();
+
     if (isDelete || !before)
     {
         // Creation and deletion are ignored
@@ -1212,12 +1244,12 @@ NoModifiedUnmodifiableFields::finalize(
 }
 
 void
-ValidAmounts::visitEntry(
-    bool isDelete,
-    std::shared_ptr<SLE const> const&,
-    std::shared_ptr<SLE const> const& after)
+ValidAmounts::visitEntry(InvariantEntry const& entry)
 {
-    if (!isDelete && after)
+    auto const isDelete = entry.isDelete();
+    auto const& after = entry.after();
+
+    if (!isDelete)
         afterEntries_.push_back(after);
 }
 
@@ -1243,20 +1275,13 @@ ValidAmounts::finalize(
 }
 
 void
-ObjectHasPseudoAccount::visitEntry(bool isDelete, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_ref after)
+ObjectHasPseudoAccount::visitEntry(InvariantEntry const& entry)
 {
-    if (!isDelete)
-        return;
+    auto const isDelete = entry.isDelete();
+    auto const& before = entry.before();
 
-    // Before should never be null when isDelete = true
-    if (!before)
-    {
-        // LCOV_EXCL_START
-        UNREACHABLE(
-            "xrpl::ObjectHasPseudoAccount::visitEntry : deleted ledger entry missing before state");
+    if (!isDelete)
         return;
-        // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
-    }
 
     switch (before->getType())
     {
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantRunner.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantRunner.cpp
index 55bff2d6938..03b5ca8a194 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantRunner.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantRunner.cpp
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #include <xrpl/protocol/XRPAmount.h>
 #include <xrpl/tx/ApplyContext.h>
 #include <xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantCheck.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantEntry.h>
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <array>
@@ -48,9 +49,11 @@ checkInvariantsHelper(
         auto checkers = getInvariantChecks();
 
         ctx.visit([&](uint256 const&, bool isDelete, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_ref after) {
+            InvariantEntry const entry{isDelete, before, after};
+
             if (txCheck)
-                txCheck->get().visitEntry(isDelete, before, after);
-            (..., std::get<Is>(checkers).visitEntry(isDelete, before, after));
+                txCheck->get().visitEntry(entry);
+            (..., std::get<Is>(checkers).visitEntry(entry));
         });
 
         if (txCheck)
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/LoanBrokerInvariant.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/LoanBrokerInvariant.cpp
index b70c02947ff..98cf792d592 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/LoanBrokerInvariant.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/LoanBrokerInvariant.cpp
@@ -14,36 +14,37 @@
 #include <xrpl/protocol/TER.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/TxFormats.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/XRPAmount.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantEntry.h>
 
 #include <algorithm>
 
 namespace xrpl {
 
 void
-ValidLoanBroker::visitEntry(bool isDelete, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_ref after)
+ValidLoanBroker::visitEntry(InvariantEntry const& entry)
 {
-    if (after)
+    auto const& before = entry.before();
+    auto const& after = entry.after();
+
+    if (after->getType() == ltLOAN_BROKER)
     {
-        if (after->getType() == ltLOAN_BROKER)
-        {
-            auto& broker = brokers_[after->key()];
-            broker.brokerBefore = before;
-            broker.brokerAfter = after;
-        }
-        else if (after->getType() == ltACCOUNT_ROOT && after->isFieldPresent(sfLoanBrokerID))
-        {
-            auto const& loanBrokerID = after->at(sfLoanBrokerID);
-            // create an entry if one doesn't already exist
-            brokers_.emplace(loanBrokerID, BrokerInfo{});
-        }
-        else if (after->getType() == ltRIPPLE_STATE)
-        {
-            lines_.emplace_back(after);
-        }
-        else if (after->getType() == ltMPTOKEN)
-        {
-            mpts_.emplace_back(after);
-        }
+        auto& broker = brokers_[after->key()];
+        broker.brokerBefore = before;
+        broker.brokerAfter = after;
+    }
+    else if (after->getType() == ltACCOUNT_ROOT && after->isFieldPresent(sfLoanBrokerID))
+    {
+        auto const& loanBrokerID = after->at(sfLoanBrokerID);
+        // create an entry if one doesn't already exist
+        brokers_.emplace(loanBrokerID, BrokerInfo{});
+    }
+    else if (after->getType() == ltRIPPLE_STATE)
+    {
+        lines_.emplace_back(after);
+    }
+    else if (after->getType() == ltMPTOKEN)
+    {
+        mpts_.emplace_back(after);
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/LoanInvariant.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/LoanInvariant.cpp
index 7b967905708..f3bd6d5fdfb 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/LoanInvariant.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/LoanInvariant.cpp
@@ -9,20 +9,23 @@
 #include <xrpl/protocol/LedgerFormats.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/Protocol.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/SField.h>
-#include <xrpl/protocol/STLedgerEntry.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/STNumber.h>  // IWYU pragma: keep
 #include <xrpl/protocol/STTx.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/TER.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/XRPAmount.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantEntry.h>
 
 #include <cstdint>
 
 namespace xrpl {
 
 void
-ValidLoan::visitEntry(bool isDelete, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_ref after)
+ValidLoan::visitEntry(InvariantEntry const& entry)
 {
-    if (after && after->getType() == ltLOAN)
+    auto const& before = entry.before();
+    auto const& after = entry.after();
+
+    if (after->getType() == ltLOAN)
     {
         loans_.emplace_back(before, after);
     }
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/MPTInvariant.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/MPTInvariant.cpp
index 2cfd069420f..b5a266aaac2 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/MPTInvariant.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/MPTInvariant.cpp
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 #include <xrpl/protocol/UintTypes.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/XRPAmount.h>
 #include <xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantCheckPrivilege.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantEntry.h>
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <array>
@@ -66,8 +67,12 @@ subtractMPTAmountDelta(std::int64_t delta, std::uint64_t amount)
 }  // namespace
 
 void
-ValidMPTIssuance::visitEntry(bool isDelete, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_ref after)
+ValidMPTIssuance::visitEntry(InvariantEntry const& entry)
 {
+    auto const isDelete = entry.isDelete();
+    auto const& before = entry.before();
+    auto const& after = entry.after();
+
     // The sfReferenceHolding tracking and the deleted-holding capture are
     // only meaningful post-fixCleanup3_2_0 (the field is never set
     // pre-amendment, and the holding-deletion rule does not apply).
@@ -75,7 +80,7 @@ ValidMPTIssuance::visitEntry(bool isDelete, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_re
     // on the hot path.
     bool const fix320Enabled = isFeatureEnabled(fixCleanup3_2_0);
 
-    if (after && after->getType() == ltMPTOKEN_ISSUANCE)
+    if (after->getType() == ltMPTOKEN_ISSUANCE)
     {
         if (isDelete)
         {
@@ -102,7 +107,7 @@ ValidMPTIssuance::visitEntry(bool isDelete, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_re
         }
     }
 
-    if (after && after->getType() == ltMPTOKEN)
+    if (after->getType() == ltMPTOKEN)
     {
         if (isDelete)
         {
@@ -121,7 +126,7 @@ ValidMPTIssuance::visitEntry(bool isDelete, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_re
 
     // Capture deleted RippleState SLEs so finalize() can verify none of
     // them were owned by a vault pseudo-account outside VaultDelete.
-    if (fix320Enabled && isDelete && after && after->getType() == ltRIPPLE_STATE)
+    if (fix320Enabled && isDelete && after->getType() == ltRIPPLE_STATE)
         deletedHoldings_.push_back(after);
 }
 
@@ -416,8 +421,11 @@ ValidMPTIssuance::finalize(
 }
 
 void
-ValidMPTBalanceChanges::visitEntry(bool, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_ref after)
+ValidMPTBalanceChanges::visitEntry(InvariantEntry const& entry)
 {
+    auto const& before = entry.before();
+    auto const& after = entry.after();
+
     if (overflow_)
         return;
 
@@ -466,15 +474,11 @@ ValidMPTBalanceChanges::visitEntry(bool, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_ref a
     if (before && !update(*before, Order::Before))
         return;
 
-    if (after)
+    if (after->getType() == ltMPTOKEN_ISSUANCE)
     {
-        if (after->getType() == ltMPTOKEN_ISSUANCE)
-        {
-            overflow_ = (*after)[sfOutstandingAmount] > maxMPTAmount(*after);
-        }
-        if (!update(*after, Order::After))
-            return;
+        overflow_ = (*after)[sfOutstandingAmount] > maxMPTAmount(*after);
     }
+    update(*after, Order::After);
 }
 
 bool
@@ -544,11 +548,12 @@ ValidMPTBalanceChanges::finalize(
 }
 
 void
-ValidConfidentialMPToken::visitEntry(
-    bool isDelete,
-    std::shared_ptr<SLE const> const& before,
-    std::shared_ptr<SLE const> const& after)
+ValidConfidentialMPToken::visitEntry(InvariantEntry const& entry)
 {
+    auto const isDelete = entry.isDelete();
+    auto const& before = entry.before();
+    auto const& after = entry.after();
+
     // Helper to get MPToken Issuance ID safely
     auto const getMptID = [](std::shared_ptr<SLE const> const& sle) -> uint192 {
         if (!sle)
@@ -581,7 +586,7 @@ ValidConfidentialMPToken::visitEntry(
         }
     }
 
-    if (after && after->getType() == ltMPTOKEN)
+    if (after->getType() == ltMPTOKEN)
     {
         uint192 const id = getMptID(after);
         auto& change = changes_[id];
@@ -633,7 +638,7 @@ ValidConfidentialMPToken::visitEntry(
             change.outstandingDelta, before->getFieldU64(sfOutstandingAmount));
     }
 
-    if (after && after->getType() == ltMPTOKEN_ISSUANCE)
+    if (after->getType() == ltMPTOKEN_ISSUANCE)
     {
         uint192 const id = getMptID(after);
         auto& change = changes_[id];
@@ -653,7 +658,7 @@ ValidConfidentialMPToken::visitEntry(
             change.badCOA = true;
     }
 
-    if (before && after && before->getType() == ltMPTOKEN && after->getType() == ltMPTOKEN)
+    if (before && before->getType() == ltMPTOKEN && after->getType() == ltMPTOKEN)
     {
         uint192 const id = getMptID(after);
 
@@ -799,11 +804,12 @@ ValidConfidentialMPToken::finalize(
 }
 
 void
-ValidMPTTransfer::visitEntry(
-    bool isDelete,
-    std::shared_ptr<SLE const> const& before,
-    std::shared_ptr<SLE const> const& after)
+ValidMPTTransfer::visitEntry(InvariantEntry const& entry)
 {
+    auto const isDelete = entry.isDelete();
+    auto const& before = entry.before();
+    auto const& after = entry.after();
+
     // Record the before/after MPTAmount for each (issuanceID, account) pair
     // so finalize() can determine whether a transfer actually occurred.
     auto update = [&](SLE const& sle, bool isBefore) {
@@ -830,8 +836,7 @@ ValidMPTTransfer::visitEntry(
     if (before)
         update(*before, true);
 
-    if (after)
-        update(*after, false);
+    update(*after, false);
 }
 
 bool
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/NFTInvariant.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/NFTInvariant.cpp
index b3b16010189..35d3ae4f908 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/NFTInvariant.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/NFTInvariant.cpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include <xrpl/protocol/XRPAmount.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/nftPageMask.h>
 #include <xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantCheckPrivilege.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantEntry.h>
 
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <optional>
@@ -25,13 +26,16 @@
 namespace xrpl {
 
 void
-ValidNFTokenPage::visitEntry(bool isDelete, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_ref after)
+ValidNFTokenPage::visitEntry(InvariantEntry const& entry)
 {
+    auto const isDelete = entry.isDelete();
+    auto const& before = entry.before();
+    auto const& after = entry.after();
+
     static constexpr uint256 const& kPageBits = nft::kPageMask;
     static constexpr uint256 kAccountBits = ~kPageBits;
 
-    if ((before && before->getType() != ltNFTOKEN_PAGE) ||
-        (after && after->getType() != ltNFTOKEN_PAGE))
+    if ((before && before->getType() != ltNFTOKEN_PAGE) || after->getType() != ltNFTOKEN_PAGE)
         return;
 
     auto check = [this, isDelete](SLE::const_ref sle) {
@@ -107,10 +111,9 @@ ValidNFTokenPage::visitEntry(bool isDelete, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_re
         }
     }
 
-    if (after)
-        check(after);
+    check(after);
 
-    if (!isDelete && before && after)
+    if (!isDelete && before)
     {
         // If the NFTokenPage
         //  1. Has a NextMinPage field in before, but loses it in after, and
@@ -183,15 +186,18 @@ ValidNFTokenPage::finalize(
 
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 void
-NFTokenCountTracking::visitEntry(bool, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_ref after)
+NFTokenCountTracking::visitEntry(InvariantEntry const& entry)
 {
+    auto const& before = entry.before();
+    auto const& after = entry.after();
+
     if (before && before->getType() == ltACCOUNT_ROOT)
     {
         beforeMintedTotal_ += (*before)[~sfMintedNFTokens].value_or(0);
         beforeBurnedTotal_ += (*before)[~sfBurnedNFTokens].value_or(0);
     }
 
-    if (after && after->getType() == ltACCOUNT_ROOT)
+    if (after->getType() == ltACCOUNT_ROOT)
     {
         afterMintedTotal_ += (*after)[~sfMintedNFTokens].value_or(0);
         afterBurnedTotal_ += (*after)[~sfBurnedNFTokens].value_or(0);
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/PermissionedDEXInvariant.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/PermissionedDEXInvariant.cpp
index 5c53552a3f3..525bfbdfa1a 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/PermissionedDEXInvariant.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/PermissionedDEXInvariant.cpp
@@ -15,16 +15,15 @@
 #include <xrpl/protocol/TER.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/TxFormats.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/XRPAmount.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantEntry.h>
 
 namespace xrpl {
 
 void
-ValidPermissionedDEX::visitEntry(bool isDelete, SLE::const_ref, SLE::const_ref after)
+ValidPermissionedDEX::visitEntry(InvariantEntry const& entry)
 {
-    // Post-fixCleanup3_4_0: skip when after is null (defensive).
-    // Pre-amendment: original after-only path via the `if (after && ...)` checks below.
-    if (isFeatureEnabled(fixCleanup3_4_0) && !after)
-        return;
+    auto const isDelete = entry.isDelete();
+    auto const& after = entry.after();
 
     auto trackDomain = [this, isDelete](uint256 const& domain) {
         domainsOld_.insert(domain);
@@ -32,13 +31,13 @@ ValidPermissionedDEX::visitEntry(bool isDelete, SLE::const_ref, SLE::const_ref a
             domains_.insert(domain);
     };
 
-    if (after && after->getType() == ltDIR_NODE)
+    if (after->getType() == ltDIR_NODE)
     {
         if (after->isFieldPresent(sfDomainID))
             trackDomain(after->getFieldH256(sfDomainID));
     }
 
-    if (after && after->getType() == ltOFFER)
+    if (after->getType() == ltOFFER)
     {
         if (after->isFieldPresent(sfDomainID))
         {
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/PermissionedDomainInvariant.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/PermissionedDomainInvariant.cpp
index fcb53e7c8fd..90168cdb022 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/PermissionedDomainInvariant.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/PermissionedDomainInvariant.cpp
@@ -15,17 +15,22 @@
 #include <xrpl/protocol/TER.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/TxFormats.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/XRPAmount.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantEntry.h>
 
 #include <vector>
 
 namespace xrpl {
 
 void
-ValidPermissionedDomain::visitEntry(bool isDel, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_ref after)
+ValidPermissionedDomain::visitEntry(InvariantEntry const& entry)
 {
+    auto const isDel = entry.isDelete();
+    auto const& before = entry.before();
+    auto const& after = entry.after();
+
     if (before && before->getType() != ltPERMISSIONED_DOMAIN)
         return;
-    if (after && after->getType() != ltPERMISSIONED_DOMAIN)
+    if (after->getType() != ltPERMISSIONED_DOMAIN)
         return;
 
     auto check = [isDel](std::vector<SleStatus>& sleStatus, SLE::const_ref sle) {
@@ -54,8 +59,7 @@ ValidPermissionedDomain::visitEntry(bool isDel, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::cons
         sleStatus.emplace_back(ss);
     };
 
-    if (after)
-        check(sleStatus_, after);
+    check(sleStatus_, after);
 }
 
 bool
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/SponsorshipInvariant.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/SponsorshipInvariant.cpp
index bdf37492f3b..79ab2e4088e 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/SponsorshipInvariant.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/SponsorshipInvariant.cpp
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #include <xrpl/protocol/STTx.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/TER.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/XRPAmount.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantEntry.h>
 
 #include <cstdint>
 
@@ -17,8 +18,12 @@ namespace xrpl {
 
 // Add new sponsorship-related invariants implementations
 void
-SponsorshipOwnerCountsMatch::visitEntry(bool isDelete, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_ref after)
+SponsorshipOwnerCountsMatch::visitEntry(InvariantEntry const& entry)
 {
+    auto const isDelete = entry.isDelete();
+    auto const& before = entry.before();
+    auto const& after = entry.after();
+
     auto getSponsored = [](SLE::const_ref sle) -> std::uint32_t {
         if (sle && sle->getType() == ltACCOUNT_ROOT)
             return sle->getFieldU32(sfSponsoredOwnerCount);
@@ -116,8 +121,11 @@ SponsorshipOwnerCountsMatch::finalize(
 }
 
 void
-SponsorshipAccountCountMatchesField::visitEntry(bool, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_ref after)
+SponsorshipAccountCountMatchesField::visitEntry(InvariantEntry const& entry)
 {
+    auto const& before = entry.before();
+    auto const& after = entry.after();
+
     auto getSponsoringAccountCount = [](SLE::const_ref sle) -> std::uint32_t {
         if (sle && sle->getType() == ltACCOUNT_ROOT)
             return sle->getFieldU32(sfSponsoringAccountCount);
diff --git a/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/VaultInvariant.cpp b/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/VaultInvariant.cpp
index 1bfb9d3d436..15462c06bc5 100644
--- a/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/VaultInvariant.cpp
+++ b/src/libxrpl/tx/invariants/VaultInvariant.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <xrpl/protocol/TxFormats.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/XRPAmount.h>
 #include <xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantCheckPrivilege.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantEntry.h>
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cstdint>
@@ -83,14 +84,11 @@ ValidVault::Shares::make(SLE const& from)
 }
 
 void
-ValidVault::visitEntry(bool isDelete, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_ref after)
+ValidVault::visitEntry(InvariantEntry const& entry)
 {
-    // If `before` is empty, this means an object is being created, in which
-    // case `isDelete` must be false. Otherwise `before` and `after` are set and
-    // `isDelete` indicates whether an object is being deleted or modified.
-    XRPL_ASSERT(
-        after != nullptr && (before != nullptr || !isDelete),
-        "xrpl::ValidVault::visitEntry : some object is available");
+    auto const isDelete = entry.isDelete();
+    auto const& before = entry.before();
+    auto const& after = entry.after();
 
     // Number balanceDelta will capture the difference (delta) between "before"
     // state (zero if created) and "after" state (zero if destroyed), and
@@ -144,7 +142,7 @@ ValidVault::visitEntry(bool isDelete, SLE::const_ref before, SLE::const_ref afte
         }
     }
 
-    if (!isDelete && after)
+    if (!isDelete)
     {
         switch (after->getType())
         {
diff --git a/src/test/app/invariants/InvariantsAMM_test.cpp b/src/test/app/invariants/InvariantsAMM_test.cpp
index 498c35c6530..256347938f5 100644
--- a/src/test/app/invariants/InvariantsAMM_test.cpp
+++ b/src/test/app/invariants/InvariantsAMM_test.cpp
@@ -71,7 +71,10 @@ class InvariantsAMM_test : public InvariantsBase
             ValidAMM invariant;
 
             if (deletedLPBalance)
-                invariant.visitEntry(true, makeAMM(*deletedLPBalance), nullptr);
+            {
+                auto const sleAMM = makeAMM(*deletedLPBalance);
+                invariant.visitEntry(InvariantEntry{true, sleAMM, sleAMM});
+            }
 
             bool const actual = invariant.finalize(
                 STTx{txType, [](STObject&) {}}, result, XRPAmount{}, *env.current(), jlog);
diff --git a/src/test/app/invariants/InvariantsMisc_test.cpp b/src/test/app/invariants/InvariantsMisc_test.cpp
index b0b6c02f5cd..42dfa9bb686 100644
--- a/src/test/app/invariants/InvariantsMisc_test.cpp
+++ b/src/test/app/invariants/InvariantsMisc_test.cpp
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@
 #include <xrpl/tx/ApplyContext.h>
 #include <xrpl/tx/Transactor.h>
 #include <xrpl/tx/applySteps.h>
+#include <xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantEntry.h>
 #include <xrpl/tx/invariants/InvariantRunner.h>
 
 #include <array>
@@ -49,6 +50,7 @@
 #include <optional>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <string>
+#include <string_view>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -1183,6 +1185,39 @@ class InvariantsMisc_test : public InvariantsBase
         }
     }
 
+    void
+    testInvariantEntry()
+    {
+        testcase << "invariant entry validation";
+
+        SLE::const_pointer const null;
+        SLE::const_pointer const sle = std::make_shared<SLE>(keylet::amendments());
+
+        InvariantEntry const created{false, null, sle};
+        BEAST_EXPECT(!created.isDelete());
+        BEAST_EXPECT(!created.before());
+        BEAST_EXPECT(created.after() == sle);
+
+        auto const expectLogicError = [&](bool isDelete,
+                                          SLE::const_ref before,
+                                          SLE::const_ref after,
+                                          std::string_view message) {
+            try
+            {
+                InvariantEntry const entry{isDelete, before, after};
+                (void)entry;
+                BEAST_EXPECT(false);
+            }
+            catch (std::logic_error const& ex)
+            {
+                BEAST_EXPECT(std::string_view{ex.what()}.contains(message));
+            }
+        };
+
+        expectLogicError(false, null, null, "after is never null");
+        expectLogicError(true, null, sle, "deleted entry missing before state");
+    }
+
     void
     testTxCheckException()
     {
@@ -1205,7 +1240,7 @@ class InvariantsMisc_test : public InvariantsBase
             }
 
             void
-            visitEntry(bool, SLE::const_ref, SLE::const_ref) override
+            visitEntry(InvariantEntry const&) override
             {
                 if (throwFrom == ThrowFrom::VisitEntry)
                     throw std::runtime_error("test-injected visitEntry exception");
@@ -1269,7 +1304,7 @@ class InvariantsMisc_test : public InvariantsBase
         struct FailingTxInvariantCheck : TxInvariantCheck
         {
             void
-            visitEntry(bool, SLE::const_ref, SLE::const_ref) override
+            visitEntry(InvariantEntry const&) override
             {
             }
 
@@ -1323,6 +1358,7 @@ class InvariantsMisc_test : public InvariantsBase
         testInvariantOverwrite(all_ - fixCleanup3_1_3);
         testObjectHasPseudoAccount();
         testSponsorship();
+        testInvariantEntry();
         testTxCheckException();
         testTxCheckFinalizeFalse();
     }
diff --git a/src/test/app/invariants/InvariantsPermissioned_test.cpp b/src/test/app/invariants/InvariantsPermissioned_test.cpp
index 87349fb9e11..8aa6956bd6b 100644
--- a/src/test/app/invariants/InvariantsPermissioned_test.cpp
+++ b/src/test/app/invariants/InvariantsPermissioned_test.cpp
@@ -640,83 +640,67 @@ class InvariantsPermissioned_test : public InvariantsBase
     {
         using namespace test::jtx;
 
-        testcase << "PermissionedDEX null after";
+        testcase << "PermissionedDEX deleted offer after";
 
         // Tx is OfferCreate on pd2. Tracking pd1 fails the invariant iff that
-        // domain lands in the set finalize consults. after == null is never
-        // tracked (pre-340: after-only; post-340: early return) — same result,
-        // both sides are coverage/regression that we do not fall back to before.
-        auto const check = [this](
-                               FeatureBitset features,
-                               bool const afterIsNull,
-                               bool const isDelete,
-                               bool const expectInvariantFailure) {
-            Env env(*this, features);
-
-            Account const a1{"A1"};
-            Account const a2{"A2"};
-            env.fund(XRP(1000), a1, a2);
-            env.close();
-
-            [[maybe_unused]] auto [seq1, pd1] = createPermissionedDomainEnv(env, a1, a2);
-            [[maybe_unused]] auto [seq2, pd2] = createPermissionedDomainEnv(env, a1, a2);
-            env.close();
-
-            auto sleOffer =
-                std::make_shared<SLE>(keylet::offer(a2.id(), SeqProxy::rawSequence(10)));
-            sleOffer->setAccountID(sfAccount, a2);
-            sleOffer->setFieldAmount(sfTakerPays, a1["USD"](10));
-            sleOffer->setFieldAmount(sfTakerGets, XRP(1));
-            sleOffer->setFieldH256(sfDomainID, pd1);
-
-            CurrentTransactionRulesGuard const rulesGuard(env.current()->rules());
-
-            ValidPermissionedDEX invariant;
-            if (afterIsNull)
-            {
-                // Defensive path: after is null. Must not fall back to before.
-                invariant.visitEntry(isDelete, sleOffer, nullptr);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                // Normal / real-erase path: after is the offer on pd1.
-                invariant.visitEntry(isDelete, nullptr, sleOffer);
-            }
-
-            STTx const tx{ttOFFER_CREATE, [&pd2, &a1](STObject& tx) {
-                              tx.setFieldH256(sfDomainID, pd2);
-                              tx.setFieldAmount(sfTakerPays, a1["USD"](10));
-                              tx.setFieldAmount(sfTakerGets, XRP(1));
-                          }};
-
-            test::StreamSink sink{beast::Severity::Warning};
-            beast::Journal const jlog{sink};
-            bool const passed =
-                invariant.finalize(tx, tesSUCCESS, XRPAmount{}, *env.current(), jlog);
-            BEAST_EXPECT(passed != expectInvariantFailure);
-            if (expectInvariantFailure)
-            {
-                BEAST_EXPECT(sink.messages().str().contains("transaction consumed wrong domains"));
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                BEAST_EXPECT(sink.messages().str().empty());
-            }
-        };
+        // domain lands in the set finalize consults.
+        auto const check =
+            [this](FeatureBitset features, bool const isDelete, bool const expectInvariantFailure) {
+                Env env(*this, features);
+
+                Account const a1{"A1"};
+                Account const a2{"A2"};
+                env.fund(XRP(1000), a1, a2);
+                env.close();
+
+                [[maybe_unused]] auto [seq1, pd1] = createPermissionedDomainEnv(env, a1, a2);
+                [[maybe_unused]] auto [seq2, pd2] = createPermissionedDomainEnv(env, a1, a2);
+                env.close();
+
+                auto sleOffer =
+                    std::make_shared<SLE>(keylet::offer(a2.id(), SeqProxy::rawSequence(10)));
+                sleOffer->setAccountID(sfAccount, a2);
+                sleOffer->setFieldAmount(sfTakerPays, a1["USD"](10));
+                sleOffer->setFieldAmount(sfTakerGets, XRP(1));
+                sleOffer->setFieldH256(sfDomainID, pd1);
+
+                CurrentTransactionRulesGuard const rulesGuard(env.current()->rules());
+
+                ValidPermissionedDEX invariant;
+                SLE::const_pointer const before = isDelete ? sleOffer : nullptr;
+                invariant.visitEntry(InvariantEntry{isDelete, before, sleOffer});
+
+                STTx const tx{ttOFFER_CREATE, [&pd2, &a1](STObject& tx) {
+                                  tx.setFieldH256(sfDomainID, pd2);
+                                  tx.setFieldAmount(sfTakerPays, a1["USD"](10));
+                                  tx.setFieldAmount(sfTakerGets, XRP(1));
+                              }};
+
+                test::StreamSink sink{beast::Severity::Warning};
+                beast::Journal const jlog{sink};
+                bool const passed =
+                    invariant.finalize(tx, tesSUCCESS, XRPAmount{}, *env.current(), jlog);
+                BEAST_EXPECT(passed != expectInvariantFailure);
+                if (expectInvariantFailure)
+                {
+                    BEAST_EXPECT(
+                        sink.messages().str().contains("transaction consumed wrong domains"));
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    BEAST_EXPECT(sink.messages().str().empty());
+                }
+            };
 
         auto const pre = all_ - fixCleanup3_4_0;
         auto const post = all_;
 
-        // after == null: not tracked
-        check(pre, true, true, false);
-        check(post, true, true, false);
-
         // after == offer on pd1
         // pre-340: domainsOld_ (delete still inserted) → fail
-        check(pre, false, true, true);
+        check(pre, true, true);
         // post-340: isDelete → only domainsOld_ → pass; !isDelete → domains_ → fail
-        check(post, false, true, false);
-        check(post, false, false, true);
+        check(post, true, false);
+        check(post, false, true);
     }
 
     void
@@ -810,7 +794,8 @@ class InvariantsPermissioned_test : public InvariantsBase
             view.rawInsert(makeRootPage(rootDir, directoryQuality + 1));
 
             ValidBookDirectory invariant;
-            invariant.visitEntry(false, nullptr, makeChildPage(rootDir));
+            auto const childPage = makeChildPage(rootDir);
+            invariant.visitEntry(InvariantEntry{false, nullptr, childPage});
 
             test::StreamSink sink{beast::Severity::Warning};
             beast::Journal const jlog{sink};
@@ -840,7 +825,7 @@ class InvariantsPermissioned_test : public InvariantsBase
             {
                 // add
                 ValidBookDirectory invariant;
-                invariant.visitEntry(false, nullptr, badRoot);
+                invariant.visitEntry(InvariantEntry{false, nullptr, badRoot});
 
                 BEAST_EXPECT(
                     !invariant.finalize(makeOfferCreateTx(), tesSUCCESS, XRPAmount{}, view, jlog));
@@ -848,7 +833,7 @@ class InvariantsPermissioned_test : public InvariantsBase
             {
                 // modify (without changing the sfRootIndex)
                 ValidBookDirectory invariant;
-                invariant.visitEntry(false, badRoot, badRoot);
+                invariant.visitEntry(InvariantEntry{false, badRoot, badRoot});
 
                 BEAST_EXPECT(
                     invariant.finalize(makeOfferCreateTx(), tesSUCCESS, XRPAmount{}, view, jlog));
@@ -860,7 +845,7 @@ class InvariantsPermissioned_test : public InvariantsBase
                 childAfter->setFieldH256(sfRootIndex, missingRootDir.key);
 
                 ValidBookDirectory invariant;
-                invariant.visitEntry(false, childBefore, childAfter);
+                invariant.visitEntry(InvariantEntry{false, childBefore, childAfter});
 
                 test::StreamSink missingRootSink{beast::Severity::Warning};
                 beast::Journal const missingRootJlog{missingRootSink};
@@ -875,7 +860,7 @@ class InvariantsPermissioned_test : public InvariantsBase
                 BEAST_EXPECT(!view.exists(rootDir));
 
                 ValidBookDirectory invariant;
-                invariant.visitEntry(true, badRoot, badRoot);
+                invariant.visitEntry(InvariantEntry{true, badRoot, badRoot});
                 BEAST_EXPECT(
                     invariant.finalize(makeOfferCreateTx(), tesSUCCESS, XRPAmount{}, view, jlog));
             }