feat: add find_unique_number function to bit_manipulation (#973)

Author: AliAlimohammadi

DIRECTORY.md

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
     * [Swap Odd and Even Bits](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Rust/blob/master/src/bit_manipulation/swap_odd_even_bits.rs)
     * [Trailing Zeros](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Rust/blob/master/src/bit_manipulation/binary_count_trailing_zeros.rs)
     * [Two's Complement](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Rust/blob/master/src/bit_manipulation/twos_complement.rs)
+    * [Unique Number](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Rust/blob/master/src/bit_manipulation/find_unique_number.rs)
   * Ciphers
     * [AES](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Rust/blob/master/src/ciphers/aes.rs)
     * [Another ROT13](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Rust/blob/master/src/ciphers/another_rot13.rs)

src/bit_manipulation/find_unique_number.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+/// Finds the unique number in a slice where every other element appears twice.
+///
+/// This function uses the XOR bitwise operation. Since XOR has the property that
+/// `a ^ a = 0` and `a ^ 0 = a`, all paired numbers cancel out, leaving only the
+/// unique number.
+///
+/// # Arguments
+///
+/// * `arr` - A slice of integers where all elements except one appear exactly twice
+///
+/// # Returns
+///
+/// * `Ok(i32)` - The unique number that appears only once
+/// * `Err(String)` - An error message if the input is empty
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```
+/// # use the_algorithms_rust::bit_manipulation::find_unique_number;
+/// assert_eq!(find_unique_number(&[1, 1, 2, 2, 3]).unwrap(), 3);
+/// assert_eq!(find_unique_number(&[4, 5, 4, 6, 6]).unwrap(), 5);
+/// assert_eq!(find_unique_number(&[7]).unwrap(), 7);
+/// assert_eq!(find_unique_number(&[10, 20, 10]).unwrap(), 20);
+/// assert!(find_unique_number(&[]).is_err());
+/// ```
+pub fn find_unique_number(arr: &[i32]) -> Result<i32, String> {
+    if arr.is_empty() {
+        return Err("input list must not be empty".to_string());
+    }
+
+    let result = arr.iter().fold(0, |acc, &num| acc ^ num);
+    Ok(result)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_basic_case() {
+        assert_eq!(find_unique_number(&[1, 1, 2, 2, 3]).unwrap(), 3);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_different_order() {
+        assert_eq!(find_unique_number(&[4, 5, 4, 6, 6]).unwrap(), 5);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_single_element() {
+        assert_eq!(find_unique_number(&[7]).unwrap(), 7);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_three_elements() {
+        assert_eq!(find_unique_number(&[10, 20, 10]).unwrap(), 20);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_empty_array() {
+        assert!(find_unique_number(&[]).is_err());
+        assert_eq!(
+            find_unique_number(&[]).unwrap_err(),
+            "input list must not be empty"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_negative_numbers() {
+        assert_eq!(find_unique_number(&[-1, -1, -2, -2, -3]).unwrap(), -3);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_large_numbers() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            find_unique_number(&[1000, 2000, 1000, 3000, 3000]).unwrap(),
+            2000
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_zero() {
+        assert_eq!(find_unique_number(&[0, 1, 1]).unwrap(), 0);
+    }
+}

src/bit_manipulation/mod.rs

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ mod binary_coded_decimal;
 mod binary_count_trailing_zeros;
 mod counting_bits;
 mod find_previous_power_of_two;
+mod find_unique_number;
 mod highest_set_bit;
 mod is_power_of_two;
 mod n_bits_gray_code;
@@ -14,6 +15,7 @@ pub use self::binary_coded_decimal::binary_coded_decimal;
 pub use self::binary_count_trailing_zeros::binary_count_trailing_zeros;
 pub use self::counting_bits::count_set_bits;
 pub use self::find_previous_power_of_two::find_previous_power_of_two;
+pub use self::find_unique_number::find_unique_number;
 pub use self::highest_set_bit::find_highest_set_bit;
 pub use self::is_power_of_two::is_power_of_two;
 pub use self::n_bits_gray_code::generate_gray_code;