It seems that iOS still has some troubles with the Web Audio API. The onaudioprocess event is never triggered. There can be various reasons why the events are not called:
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/14521170/safari-6-0-2-not-calling-onaudioprocess
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/17087119/use-scriptprocessornode-in-iphone-safari
https://bugs.webkit.org/show_bug.cgi?id=122560
On a quick test none of the workarounds made the event to be triggered (calling context.resume, add input node, change construction function, assign node to global variable to prevent GC collection,...). This needs some further investigation.